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Scattering and Polarization Properties of the Scarab Beetle Cyphochilus insulanus cuticle
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Optics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Division of Sensor and Electronic Warfare, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Linköping, Sweden .
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Optics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9229-2028
Division of Sensor and Electronic Warfare, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Linköping, Sweden .
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
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2015 (English)In: Applied Optics, ISSN 1559-128X, E-ISSN 2155-3165, Vol. 54, no 19Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Optical properties of natural photonic structures can inspire material developments in diversified areas, such as the spectral design of surfaces for camouflage. Here, reflectance, scattering, and polarization properties of the cuticle of the scarab beetle Cyphochilus insulanus are studied with spectral directional hemispherical reflectance, bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) measurements, and Mueller-matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry (MMSE). At normal incidence, a reflectance (0.6–0.75) is found in the spectral range of 400–1600 nm and a weaker reflectance <0.2  in the UV range as well as for wavelengths >1600  nm  . A whiteness of 𝑊=42  is observed for mainly the elytra of the beetle. Chitin is a major constituent of the insect cuticle which is verified by the close similarity of the measured IR spectrum to that of 𝛼  -chitin. The BRDF signal shows close-to-Lambertian properties of the beetle for visible light at small angles of incidence. From the MMSE measurement it is found that the beetles appear as dielectric reflectors reflecting linearly polarized light at oblique incidence with low gloss and a low degree of polarization. The measured beetle properties are properties that can be beneficial in a camouflage material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optical Society of America, 2015. Vol. 54, no 19
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-115368DOI: 10.1364/AO.54.006037ISI: 000357339200023OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-115368DiVA, id: diva2:843892
Available from: 2015-03-13 Created: 2015-03-13 Last updated: 2020-09-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Optical Studies of Materials for Spectral Design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optical Studies of Materials for Spectral Design
2015 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Optical material properties have been studied in a wide wavelength range. Theaim is future use of spectral design for camou age. The main characterization techniques used in this work are Refection Spectroscopy, Scatterometry (BRDF) and Mueller Matrix Ellipsometry. Six camouflage evaluation criteria based on reflection, emissivity, polarization, gloss, dynamic coloring and broadband properties, are to a greater or lesser degree related to the interaction between light and materia. Almost all are connected to the work of this thesis and are exemplied through dierent material categories with potential for use in camouföage applications. The included papers presents: a broad band (visible-infrared-microwave) study, two examples of dynamic optical properties of thin lms, and polarization and scattering properties of a natural surface.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2015. p. 29
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 1712
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-115369 (URN)10.3384/lic.diva-115369 (DOI)978-91-7519-106-5 (ISBN)
Presentation
2015-04-10, Planck, Fysikhuset, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 10:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2015-03-13 Created: 2015-03-13 Last updated: 2019-11-18Bibliographically approved
2. Optical Studies of Bio-inspired Materials for Camouflage
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optical Studies of Bio-inspired Materials for Camouflage
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the ongoing sensor-camouflage duel, new functionalities and sensing abilities are continuously incorporated in detector devices, requiring new capabilities on the camouflage side. The aim of this work is to contribute to improved camouflage including low polarization detectability in wavelength regions with both visible and invisible light. To find new surfaces that can be used as camouflage, we seek for materials that in a spectral design perspective meet the requests of military utility. We have represented this with a 'ladder model' which step by step connects the system and requirements aspects from a basic material level to a useful application.

The focus in this study is mainly on the first rungs of the 'ladder' which are addressing aspects of spectral design and systems engineering as well as requirements of camouflage materials. We have stated six criteria for evaluating camouflage materials and their interactions with light. The criteria are related to reflection, gloss, degree of polarization, emissivity, broadband and dynamic properties.

The included papers can be divided into two parts. The first part is related to aspects of the evaluation criteria for camouflage and the second part presents studies of bio-inspired materials and their performance related to the evaluation criteria.

In connection with the presentation of the 'ladder model' for military utility and the six criteria for camouflage, several materials divided into the four categories: pigments, thin film coatings, multidimensional structures and metamaterials are surveyed. We also studied higher system design levels evaluating the visual and thermal contrast by inspecting images of an object's surface in a background. Important terms and parameters at this level were detectability and the lightness of a color. Furthermore a literature review of polarimetric environmental background properties was performed together with a reference materials study.

Camouflage properties of several organic material surfaces have been studied. The biopolymeric materials range from beetle cuticle to cellulose based foams and protein fibres. In addition to white structures, we also investigated dynamic properties and initiated work using organic dyes to expand the use of the studied materials to camouflage applications. The main characterization techniques were reflection spectrometry, scatterometry and Mueller-matrix ellipsometry. These methods were used with an aim to mainly investigate the first three camouflage criteria (reflection, gloss, degree of polarization) but also touching on emissivity and dynamic coloring. Overall, the academic approach have been balanced with the requests and limits given by the military utility. The results will contribute to better camouflage by using advanced bio-inspired materials.

Abstract [sv]

I den pågående duellen mellan sensorer och kamouflage, inkluderas nya funktioner i sensorenheterna, vilket kräver nya funktioner också på kamouflagesidan. Syftet med detta arbete är att bidra till förbättrat kamouflage. Detta inkluderar låg polariseringsgrad för lägre detekterbarhet både i våglängdsområden för synligt och osynligt ljus.

För att hitta nya ytor som kan fungera som kamouflage söker vi material som i ett spektralt designperspektiv uppfyller krav på militär nytta. Vi har representerat detta med en 'stegmodell'. Fokus i denna studie ligger främst på 'stegens' första pinnar som tar upp aspekter av spektral design och systemteknik. Vi har angett sex kriterier för att värdera kamouflagematerial och deras interaktion med ljus. Kriterierna är relaterade till reflektion, glans, polarisationsgrad, emissivitet, bredbandighet och dynamiska egenskaper.

De inkluderade artiklarna kan delas in i två delar. De tre första relaterar till aspekter av kamouflagevärderingskriterier och de tre följande till studier av bioinspirerade material och deras prestanda utifrån värderingskriterierna. 'Stegmodellen' presenteras som ett verktyg för att åstadkomma och bedöma militär nytta vid systemdesign och systemutveckling samt för kravställning. I samma sammanhang introduceras de sex kriterierna för kamouflage och en litteraturstudie görs om material indelade i de fyra kategorierna pigment, tunnfilmsbeläggningar, flerdimensionella strukturer och metamaterial. Vi studerar också högre systemdesignnivåer för att utvärdera den visuella och termiska kontrasten genom att inspektera bilder av en objektyta i en bakgrund. Viktiga termer och parametrar på denna nivå är detekterbarhet och ljushet i färg. Dessutom görs en litteraturgenomgång av polarimetrisk omgivande bakgrund, tillsammans med en kamouflagestudie av referensmaterial.

Kamouflageegenskaper hos flera ytor studeras. Materialen är bioinspirerade och sträcker sig från skalbaggevingar till cellulosabaserade skum och protein_brer. Förutom vita strukturer har vi även undersökt dynamiska egenskaper samt initierat arbeten med organiska färgämnen för att kunna utöka användningen av våra material till fler kamouflagetillämpningar. De viktigaste karakteriseringsteknikerna som användes var reflektionsspektrometri, skatterometri och Mueller-matris-ellipsometri, huvudsakligen i syfte att undersöka de tre första kamouflagekriterierna reflektion, glans och polarisationsgrad. Också emissivitet och dynamiska egenskaper berörs. Sammantaget har det akademiska tillvägagångssättet balanserats med önskemål och begränsningar som följer av den militära tillämpningen och krav på nytta. Resultaten kommer förhoppningsvis att bidra till bättre kamouflage genom att använda avancerade bioinspirerade material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. p. 64
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2069
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169107 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-169107 (DOI)9789179298623 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-10-16, Online through Zoom (contact kenneth.jarrendahl@liu.se) and Planck, F Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-09-09 Created: 2020-09-09 Last updated: 2020-09-17Bibliographically approved

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Åkerlind, ChristinaArwin, HansJärrendahl, Kenneth

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