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Evaluation criteria for spectral design of camouflage
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. FOI, Linköping, Sweden.
FOI, Linköping, Sweden.
FOI, Linköping, Sweden.
FOI, Linköping, Sweden.
2015 (Swedish)In: Proc. SPIE 9653, Target and Background Signatures / [ed] Karin U. Stein; Ric H. M. A. Schleijpen, SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015, Vol. 9653, p. Art.no: 9653-2-Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In development of visual (VIS) and infrared (IR) camouflage for signature management, the aim is the design of surface properties of an object to spectrally match or adapt to a background and thereby minimizing the contrast perceived by a threatening sensor. The so called 'ladder model" relates the requirements for task measure of effectiveness with surface structure properties through the steps signature effectiveness and object signature. It is intended to link materials properties via platform signature to military utility and vice versa. Spectral design of a surface intends to give it a desired wavelength dependent optical response to fit a specific application of interest. Six evaluation criteria were stated, with the aim to aid the process to put requirement on camouflage and for evaluation. The six criteria correspond to properties such as reflectance, gloss, emissivity, and degree of polarization as well as dynamic properties, and broadband or multispectral properties. These criteria have previously been exemplified on different kinds of materials and investigated separately. Anderson and Åkerlind further point out that the six criteria rarely were considered or described all together in one and same publication previously. The specific level of requirement of the different properties must be specified individually for each specific situation and environment to minimize the contrast between target and a background. The criteria or properties are not totally independent of one another. How they are correlated is part of the theme of this paper. However, prioritization has been made due to the limit of space. Therefore all of the interconnections between the six criteria will not be considered in the work of this report. The ladder step previous to digging into the different material composition possibilities and choice of suitable materials and structures (not covered here), includes the object signature and decision of what the spectral response should be, when intended for a specific environment. The chosen spectral response should give a low detection probability (DP). How detection probability connects to image analysis tools and implementation of the six criteria is part of this work.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2015. Vol. 9653, p. Art.no: 9653-2-
Series
SPIE Proceedings, ISSN 0277-786X, E-ISSN 1996-756X ; 9653
National Category
Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123734DOI: 10.1117/12.2194828ISBN: 9781628418637 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-123734DiVA, id: diva2:892742
Conference
Target and Background Signatures, Toulouse, France, 23–24 September 2015
Available from: 2016-01-11 Created: 2016-01-11 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Optical Studies of Bio-inspired Materials for Camouflage
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optical Studies of Bio-inspired Materials for Camouflage
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the ongoing sensor-camouflage duel, new functionalities and sensing abilities are continuously incorporated in detector devices, requiring new capabilities on the camouflage side. The aim of this work is to contribute to improved camouflage including low polarization detectability in wavelength regions with both visible and invisible light. To find new surfaces that can be used as camouflage, we seek for materials that in a spectral design perspective meet the requests of military utility. We have represented this with a 'ladder model' which step by step connects the system and requirements aspects from a basic material level to a useful application.

The focus in this study is mainly on the first rungs of the 'ladder' which are addressing aspects of spectral design and systems engineering as well as requirements of camouflage materials. We have stated six criteria for evaluating camouflage materials and their interactions with light. The criteria are related to reflection, gloss, degree of polarization, emissivity, broadband and dynamic properties.

The included papers can be divided into two parts. The first part is related to aspects of the evaluation criteria for camouflage and the second part presents studies of bio-inspired materials and their performance related to the evaluation criteria.

In connection with the presentation of the 'ladder model' for military utility and the six criteria for camouflage, several materials divided into the four categories: pigments, thin film coatings, multidimensional structures and metamaterials are surveyed. We also studied higher system design levels evaluating the visual and thermal contrast by inspecting images of an object's surface in a background. Important terms and parameters at this level were detectability and the lightness of a color. Furthermore a literature review of polarimetric environmental background properties was performed together with a reference materials study.

Camouflage properties of several organic material surfaces have been studied. The biopolymeric materials range from beetle cuticle to cellulose based foams and protein fibres. In addition to white structures, we also investigated dynamic properties and initiated work using organic dyes to expand the use of the studied materials to camouflage applications. The main characterization techniques were reflection spectrometry, scatterometry and Mueller-matrix ellipsometry. These methods were used with an aim to mainly investigate the first three camouflage criteria (reflection, gloss, degree of polarization) but also touching on emissivity and dynamic coloring. Overall, the academic approach have been balanced with the requests and limits given by the military utility. The results will contribute to better camouflage by using advanced bio-inspired materials.

Abstract [sv]

I den pågående duellen mellan sensorer och kamouflage, inkluderas nya funktioner i sensorenheterna, vilket kräver nya funktioner också på kamouflagesidan. Syftet med detta arbete är att bidra till förbättrat kamouflage. Detta inkluderar låg polariseringsgrad för lägre detekterbarhet både i våglängdsområden för synligt och osynligt ljus.

För att hitta nya ytor som kan fungera som kamouflage söker vi material som i ett spektralt designperspektiv uppfyller krav på militär nytta. Vi har representerat detta med en 'stegmodell'. Fokus i denna studie ligger främst på 'stegens' första pinnar som tar upp aspekter av spektral design och systemteknik. Vi har angett sex kriterier för att värdera kamouflagematerial och deras interaktion med ljus. Kriterierna är relaterade till reflektion, glans, polarisationsgrad, emissivitet, bredbandighet och dynamiska egenskaper.

De inkluderade artiklarna kan delas in i två delar. De tre första relaterar till aspekter av kamouflagevärderingskriterier och de tre följande till studier av bioinspirerade material och deras prestanda utifrån värderingskriterierna. 'Stegmodellen' presenteras som ett verktyg för att åstadkomma och bedöma militär nytta vid systemdesign och systemutveckling samt för kravställning. I samma sammanhang introduceras de sex kriterierna för kamouflage och en litteraturstudie görs om material indelade i de fyra kategorierna pigment, tunnfilmsbeläggningar, flerdimensionella strukturer och metamaterial. Vi studerar också högre systemdesignnivåer för att utvärdera den visuella och termiska kontrasten genom att inspektera bilder av en objektyta i en bakgrund. Viktiga termer och parametrar på denna nivå är detekterbarhet och ljushet i färg. Dessutom görs en litteraturgenomgång av polarimetrisk omgivande bakgrund, tillsammans med en kamouflagestudie av referensmaterial.

Kamouflageegenskaper hos flera ytor studeras. Materialen är bioinspirerade och sträcker sig från skalbaggevingar till cellulosabaserade skum och protein_brer. Förutom vita strukturer har vi även undersökt dynamiska egenskaper samt initierat arbeten med organiska färgämnen för att kunna utöka användningen av våra material till fler kamouflagetillämpningar. De viktigaste karakteriseringsteknikerna som användes var reflektionsspektrometri, skatterometri och Mueller-matris-ellipsometri, huvudsakligen i syfte att undersöka de tre första kamouflagekriterierna reflektion, glans och polarisationsgrad. Också emissivitet och dynamiska egenskaper berörs. Sammantaget har det akademiska tillvägagångssättet balanserats med önskemål och begränsningar som följer av den militära tillämpningen och krav på nytta. Resultaten kommer förhoppningsvis att bidra till bättre kamouflage genom att använda avancerade bioinspirerade material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. p. 64
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2069
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169107 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-169107 (DOI)9789179298623 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-10-16, Online through Zoom (contact kenneth.jarrendahl@liu.se) and Planck, F Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-09-09 Created: 2020-09-09 Last updated: 2020-09-17Bibliographically approved

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Åkerlind, Christina

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