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Subclinical Lyme borreliosis is common in south-eastern Sweden and may be distinguished from Lyme neuroborreliosis by sex, age and specific immune marker patterns
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3993-9985
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9315-8901
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
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2018 (English)In: Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, ISSN 1877-959X, E-ISSN 1877-9603, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 742-748Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Determinants of a subclinical course of Lyme borreliosis (LB) remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the extent, sex and age profiles of subclinical Borrelia seroconversion in a LB endemic area in Sweden and to map blood cellular Borrelia-specific immune marker patterns in individuals with a previous subclinical LB course compared with patients previously diagnosed with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Methods: A large group of 1113 healthy blood donors was screened for multiple IgG anti-Borrelia antibodies and asked to complete a health inquiry regarding previous LB. A group of subjects with anti-Borrelia-specific IgG antibodies but no previous history of LB (subclinical LB, n = 60) was identified together with 22 cases of previous LNB. Whole Borrelia spirochetes, strains B. afzelii ACA1 and B. garinii Ip90, were used for ex vivo whole blood stimulations, whereas outer surface protein enriched fractions of the same strains were used for stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). An extensive panel of immune markers was analysed in the supernatants after stimulation using multiplex bead arrays, and Borrelia-specific secretion was determined by subtracting the spontaneous secretion. Results: A total of 125/1113 blood donors reported previous clinical LB. In contrast, 66 donors denied previous LB but showed multiple IgG anti-Borrelia antibodies; these were defined as subclinical subjects, of whom 60 were available for further studies. The subclinical subjects consisted of significantly more men and had a younger age compared with the LNB patients (p amp;lt;= 0.01). Discriminant analysis revealed a distinct pattern of sex, age and PBMC B. garinii-specific levels of IL-10, IL-17A and CCL20 discriminating subclinical subjects from LNB patients. Conclusions: This study confirms that subclinical Borrelia seroconversion is common in south-eastern Sweden. The findings further suggest that male sex, younger age together with B. gariniii induced levels of IL-10, IL-17A and CCL20 may be associated with a subclinical course.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG , 2018. Vol. 9, no 3, p. 742-748
Keywords [en]
Lyme borreliosis; Lyme neuroborreliosis; Subclinical; Immunology; Cytokine; Chemokine
National Category
Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148659DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.011ISI: 000433128600043PubMedID: 29502989OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-148659DiVA, id: diva2:1219964
Note

Funding Agencies|Medical Research Council in the South-east of Sweden (FORSS) [217821]; ScandTick Innovation, an EU Interreg project

Available from: 2018-06-18 Created: 2018-06-18 Last updated: 2023-03-15
In thesis
1. Laboratory methods for investigation of the immunological orchestra in response to pathogens
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Laboratory methods for investigation of the immunological orchestra in response to pathogens
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Laboratoriemetoder för undersökning av den immunologiska orkestern
Abstract [en]

Laboratory methods used for investigation of immune response often involve collection of whole blood and analysis of different biomarkers in blood components or generated from pathogen stimulation of whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods used to measure biomarkers are for example enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which measures one biomarker at a time or multiplex assays for example x-unknown, multi-analyte profiling (xMAP) by Luminex or proximity extension assay (PEA), which can measure up to just over 3000 biomarkers at a time. Analysis of one biomarker at a time are time consuming, costly, and dependent of a large sample size to enable repeated measurements of different analytes. Therefore, multiplex assays that are time saving, more cost effective and measures multiple bi-omarkers at once in a small sample can be applied.   

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate multiplex laboratory methods for investigation of the immunological orchestra in response to Borrelia infection and influenza immunisation and if possible, further characterize individuals with different clinical outcomes or serological response, respectively.  

In our studies (paper I-III) we included 1113 blood donors of which 66 were found to previously have had a subclinical borreliosis (defined as presence of Borrelia-specific antibodies without recall of previous Lyme borreliosis), of the 66 individuals 60 were available for participation. We also included 22 patients previously diagnosed with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). In paper IV we included in total 73 individuals consisting of healthcare workers and patients attending seasonal influenza vaccination. We applied whole blood, PBMC and plasma stimulations and measured a range of cytokines, chemokines and complement factors with ELISA, nephelometry, xMAP and PEA.   

Our results show that subclinical Lyme borreliosis (SB) individuals display the following pattern, low age, male sex, low amount of secreted interleukin (IL)-17, CCL20 and higher secretion of IL-10 by PBMCs stimulated three days with Borrelia garinii compared to patients with previous Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). The subclinical individuals also show higher activation of the complement system in response to Borrelia afzelii.   

We performed multiplex analysis of complement factors in attempt to further characterize our SB individuals and LNB patient but found the results to deviate largely from reference values retrieved with other standardized methods. This highlights the importance of critical review of generated results from all form of assays. 

To investigate immune responses after influenza immunisation and further characterize serological responders and nonresponders we included measurement of influenza-specific antibodies and total immunoglobulins (Ig) in blood serum, influenza-specific mucosal IgA (nasal-swabs) and cell-mediated immune response in supernatants from PBMCs stimulated with influenza vaccine using PEA. We found the serological responders to be characterised by lower levels of total IgM, Granzyme B (GZMB) and IL-12 together with higher levels of CXCL13 compared with nonresponders. 

To conclude, xMAP and PEA are two valuable methods that can be applied together with multivariate statistical methods in the investigation of both innate and adaptive immunity characteristics and association to clinical outcome or serological response after Borrelia infection and influenza immunisation, respectively. 

Abstract [sv]

Laboratoriemetoder som används för att undersöka immunsvar omfattar bland annat insamling av blod och analys av immunologiska markörer så som exempelvis cytokiner, kemokiner och komplementfaktorer i olika blodkomponenter eller genererade från patogenstimulering av helblod eller från perifert blod, isolerade mononukleära celler (PBMC). Metoder som tillämpas för mätning av cytokiner, kemokiner och komplementfaktorer är bland annat enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), som mäter en markör i taget eller multiplexa analyser som mäter flera markörer (upp till drygt 3000) på en gång exempelvis x-Unknown, multi-analyte profiling (xMAP) och proximity extension assay PEA. Att analysera en markör i taget är tidskrävande, kostsamt och beroende av stor mängd prov för att möjliggöra upprepade mätningar av andra markörer. Därför kan multiplexa analyser tillämpas för att genomföra mätning av flera analyter i en mindre mängd prov och mer tids- och kostnadseffektivt.  

Syftet med denna avhandling var att tillämpa multiplexa laboratoriemetoder för undersökning av den immunologiska orkesterns svar vid Borreliainfektion och influensavaccination och om möjligt karaktärisera individer som haft olika kliniska symtom respektive antikroppssvar därav.  

I våra Borrelia studier inkluderades 1113 blodgivare, av vilka vi kunde identifiera 66 individer som haft en subklinisk borrelios (definierad som närvaro av Borrelia-specifika antikroppar, men utan minne av tidigare Borreliainfektion). Av de 66 subkliniska individerna var 60 tillgängliga för vidare studier. Vi inkluderade även 22 patienter som tidigare diagnostiserats med neuroborrelios (LNB). I vår influensavaccinationsstudie inkluderades totalt 73 individer bestående av sjukvårdspersonal och patienter som vaccinerades mot säsongsinfluensa. På våra insamlade prover från studiedeltagarna utfördes sedan stimuleringar av helblod, plasma och PBMC med bland annat borreliabakterier och influensavaccin. Vi analyserade sedan mängden av ett eller flera cytokiner, kemokiner eller komplementfaktorer med ELISA, xMAP och PEA.  

Våra resultat visade att individer som haft en subklinisk borrelios har följande mönster, de är unga män med låg mängd interleukin (IL)-17, CCL20 och högre mängd IL-10 utsöndrat av PBMC stimulerade med Borrelia garinii i tre dagar och i jämförelse med patienter med tidigare LNB. Subkliniska individer har även en högre komplementaktivering än LNB patienter i respons till Borrelia afzelii.  

För att vidare karaktärisera våra individer med tidigare subklinisk borrelios och LNB patienter analyserade vi mängden av flera komplementfaktorer med xMAP teknik, men våra resultat var inte överensstämmande med referensvärden uppmätta med andra standardiserade metoder. Dessa resultat belyser vikten av att alltid utföra en rimlighetsbedömning av sina analysresultat.   

För att undersöka immunsvar efter influensavaccination och vidare karaktärisera individer som får ett antikroppssvar (responders) efter vaccination jämfört med de som inte får ett antikroppssvar (nonresponders) så utfördes mätning av influensa-specifika antikroppar och totala antikroppar (även kallade immunoglobuliner, Ig) i serum, influensaspecifika mukosala (i nässlemhinnan) IgA och cellmedierat immunsvar i ovanlösningar från PBMC stimulerade med influensavaccin med hjälp av PEA. Vi fann att responders karaktäriseras av lägre nivå av total IgM, granzym B och IL-12 samt högre nivå av CXCL13 jämfört med nonresponders.   

Vi kan konkludera att xMAP och PEA tillsammans med multivariat statistiska metoder är bra metoder för att undersöka immunsvar med ett vidare perspektiv av den immunologiska orkesterns sammansättning efter Borreliainfektion eller influensavaccination.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 60
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1837
Keywords
Borrelia, Influenza, Immunology, Immune response, Cellmediated, Serological, Subclinical, ELISA, Luminex, Proximity extension assay
National Category
Clinical Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-192404 (URN)10.3384/9789180750301 (DOI)9789180750295 (ISBN)9789180750301 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-04-14, Hjärnan, Länssjukhuset i Kalmar, Kalmar, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-03-15 Created: 2023-03-15 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved

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