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Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT for detection of bone marrow lesions in the subacutely injured knee with MRI as reference method
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7077-5667
Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping. Karolinska Inst, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9446-6981
2020 (English)In: Acta Radiologica, ISSN 0284-1851, E-ISSN 1600-0455, Vol. 61, no 6, p. 749-759Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Dual-energy computer tomography (DECT) can detect post-traumatic bone marrow lesions. Prospective studies of the knee with large numbers of participants and intra-observer agreement assessment are limited. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of DECT in detecting bone marrow lesions as well as estimating the bone marrow lesion volume in patients with suspected anterior cruciate ligament trauma with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as reference standard. Material and Methods Forty-eight consecutive patients with suspected anterior cruciate ligament injury were imaged bilaterally with DECT within a mean of 25 days (range 4-55 days) following injury and MRI within seven days of DECT. Two readers analyzed DECT virtual non-calcium-blinded images. Consensus MRI was reference standard. Intra- and inter-observer agreement were determined using weighted kappa statistics. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated. Bone marrow lesion volumes were measured; for comparison, intra-class correlation coefficient was used. Results The 48 patients (26 men, 22 women; mean age 23 years, age range 15-37 years) were imaged bilaterally yielding 52 knees with bone marrow lesions, of which 44 were in the femur and 41 were in the tibia. Intra- and inter-observer agreement to detect bone marrow lesions was moderate and fair to moderate (kappa 0.54-0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.80 and 0.37-0.41, 95% CI 0.20-0.57) and overall sensitivity and specificity were 70.1% and 69.1%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 72.9% and 66.1%, respectively. Bone marrow lesion volumes showed excellent intra- and inter-observer agreement (0.83-0.91, 95% CI 0.74-0.94 and 0.76-0.78, 95% CI 0.57-0.87). Conclusion The diagnostic performance of DECT to detect bone marrow lesions in the subacutely injured knee was moderate with intra- and inter-observer agreement ranging from moderate to substantial and fair to moderate. Bone marrow lesion volume correlation was excellent.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD , 2020. Vol. 61, no 6, p. 749-759
Keywords [en]
Knee; dual-energy computed tomography; trauma; bone marrow lesion
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-161616DOI: 10.1177/0284185119877343ISI: 000491671400001PubMedID: 31581782OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-161616DiVA, id: diva2:1367916
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Medical Research CouncilSwedish Medical Research Council (SMRC) [VR 2015-03687]; Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Link_oping University

Available from: 2019-11-05 Created: 2019-11-05 Last updated: 2025-02-04
In thesis
1. Spectral Computed Tomography of the Injured Knee
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spectral Computed Tomography of the Injured Knee
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Computed tomography (CT) is widely used for fracture detection and postsurgical evaluation. Recent advancements have opened new possibilities, particularly in spectral CT, which utilises the energy-dependant attenuation properties of tissues to enable tissue differentiation and enhance diagnostic capabilities. The two primary techniques employed in spectral CT are Dual-energy CT (DECT) and, more recently, photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT). The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the use of spectral CT for improved imaging of the injured knee.

In Study I, the diagnostic accuracy of DECT for detecting bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in patients with suspected anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury was assessed. BMLs, commonly observed on MRI as a result of bone contusions, provide insights into trauma mechanisms and associated injuries. In standard CT, the attenuation differences corresponding to these lesions are obscured by overlying bone. DECT overcomes this, generating virtual non-calcium (VNCa) images as colour overlays on the CT images. DECT knee images from 48 patients were evaluated for the presence and size of BMLs by two readers. Consensus MRI served as the reference standard. The diagnostic accuracy was moderate with 70.1 % (95% CI 63.3-76.2) and 69.1% (95% CI 61.7-75.9) overall sensitivity and specificity, moderate to substantial intrareader agreement and fair to moderate interreader agreement. Lesion volumes were comparable in the femur but underestimated in the tibia.

Study II evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of DECT and MRI for detecting ACL injuries. The ACL, being an important stabilising structure of the knee, is typically imaged using MRI. The diagnostic performance of DECT and MRI was evaluated, with arthroscopy serving as the reference standard. From the cohort in Study I, arthroscopy data was available for 21 patients who were included in the analysis. The combined sensitivity across all four readings for DECT was 76.3 % (95% CI 66.8-85.9), which was lower than that of MRI at 86.8% (95% CI 71.9-95.6). Both methods demonstrated high positive predictive values: 93.6% (95% CI 84.3-98.2) for DECT and 91.7% (95% CI 77.5-98.3) for MRI.

In Study III, a PCD-CT prototype was evaluated using a bovine knee specimen with an induced fracture and metallic osteosynthesis material. Virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) generated by the PCD-CT at 120 kV and 140 kV tube potentials were compared to conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) images acquired with dual- and single-energy, both with and without iterative metal artefact reduction algorithm (iMAR). Four readers assessed image quality with respect to metal artefacts. PCD-CT 140 kV VMI at 150 keV received the highest scores and was significantly superior to single-energy Sn150 kV images with iMAR. While DECT iMAR images scored lower than PCD-CT images, the difference was not statistically significant. Image quality scores were also significantly lower for 120 kV tube potential and lower VMI values at 72 keV.

Study IV explored the metal artefact reduction capabilities of a commercially available PCD-CT in twelve patients with surgically treated tibial plateau fractures. PCD-CT 140 kV ultra-high resolution (UHR) scans were reconstructed as VMI at 70, 110 and 150 keV, using smooth and sharp kernels, with and without iMAR, as well as polychromatic images with an extra-sharp kernel. EID-CT Sn150 kV scans were reconstructed with smooth and sharp kernels, with and without iMAR. Five readers assessed the image quality. EID-CT iMAR images scored significantly higher for reducing metal artefact streaks, whereas bone-metal interface visualisation was comparable between PCD-CT high VMI and EID-CT with IMAR. PCD-CT with an extra sharp kernel was superior for bone visualisation.

Abstract [sv]

Datortomografi (DT) en allmänt använd metod för frakturdiagnostik och för postoperativ utvärdering. De senaste framstegen inom DT-tekniken har öppnat nya möjligheter, särskilt inom spektral DT, där vävnadernas energiberoende attenueringsegenskaper nyttjas för att förbättrad vävnadsurskiljning och skapa nya diagnostiska möjligheter. Spektral DT kan baseras på två huvudsakliga tekniker: dubbelenergi-DT (dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)) och den nyare fotonräknande datortomografen (photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT)). Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att undersökta användningen av spektral DT för förbättrad bilddiagnostik av knäskador.

I Studie I utvärderades den diagnostiska noggrannheten för DECT vid detektion av benmärgslesioner (BML) hos patienter med misstänkt främre korsbandsskada. BML, ett vanligt fynd vid MRT efter benkontusioner, kan ge information om traumamekanism och associerade skador. På konventionella DT-bilder döljs ofta de små attenueringsskillnaderna, associerade med BML, av de mellanliggande bentrabeklerna, men med DECT kan virtuella bilder utan calcium skapas och förbättra synligheten av BML. DECT-bilder av knän från 48 patienter utvärderades av två bedömare avseende förekomst av och storlek på BML. Konsensusbedömningen av MRT bilderna utgjorde referensmetod. Den diagnostisk tillförlitligheten var måttlig med övergripande sensitivitet och specificitet på 70,1% (95% (KI) 63,3–76,2) respektive 69,1% (95% KI 61,7–75,9), måttlig till betydande intrabedömaröverensstämmelse och skaplig till måttlig överensstämmelse mellan bedömare. Den uppmätta volymen för lesioner i femur skilde sig marginellt åt mellan DECT och MRT, medan volymen underskattades med DECT för lesioner i tibia.

Studie II handlade diagnostisk tillförlitlighet avseende korsbandsskador. Det främre korsbandet, en viktig stabiliserande struktur i knäleden, avbildas vanligen med MRT. I Studie II användes artroskopi som referensmetod för att utvärdera den diagnostiska prestandan hos DECT och MRT avseende detektion av främre korsbandsskador. Från kohorten i Studie I, erhölls artroskopidata för 21 patienter, vilka kunde inkluderas i analysen. Den kombinerade sensitiviteten från alla fyra granskningarna av DECT-bilderna var 76,3 % (95% KI 66,8–85,9), vilket var lägre än för MRT, där sensitiviteten var 86,8% (95% KI 71.9–95.6). Båda metoderna uppvisade höga positiva prediktiva värden: 93,6% (95% KI 84,3–98,2) för DECT och 91,7% (95% KI 77,5–98,3) för MRT.

I Studie III utvärderades en PCD-CT-prototyp med hjälp av ett knäpreparat från ko med en fraktur och metalliskt osteosyntesmaterial. Virtuellt monoenergetiska (VMI) genererade med 120 kV respektive 140 kV rörspänning jämfördes mot bilder från en konventionell DT med energiintegrerande detektor (energy-integrating detector computed tomography (EID-CT)), erhållna med dubbelenergi (DECT) respektive enkelenergi, både utan och med metallartefaktreducerande algoritm (iMAR). Fyra bedömare utvärderade bildkvaliteten avseende metallartefakter. PCD-CT 140 kV VMI på 150 keV skattades högst och skillnaden mot skattningen av enkelenergibilderna erhållna med 150 kV och tennfiltrering samt iMAR var statistiskt signifikant. DECT bilder med iMAR skattades lägre än nämnda PCD-CT-bilder, men skillnaden var inte signifikant. Även skattningen av PCD-CT-bilder erhållna med 120 kV och de som rekonstruerats som VMI 72 keV var signifikant lägre.

I Studie IV undersöktes de metallartefaktreducerande förmågorna hos en kommersiellt tillgänglig PCD-CT för bilder av tolv patienter med operativt åtgärdad tibiaplatåfraktur. PCD-CT-bilder skapade med 140 kV rörspänning och ultrahög upplösning (ultra-high resolution, UHR) rekonstruerades som VMI på 70, 110 och 150 keV, med både mjuk och hård kernel, samt utan och med iMAR. Fem granskare bedömde bildkvaliteten. EID-CT med iMAR erhöll signifikant högre skattning för reduktion av metallartefaktsstråk, medan benmetall- gränsen visualiserades likartat mellan PCD-CT med hög VMI och EIDCT med iMAR. PCD-CT extra hård kernel uppvisade bäst kvalitet för visualisering av ben.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 95
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1957
Keywords
Computed Tomography, Dual-Energy CT, Photon-Counting CT, Musculoskeletal imaging, Trauma, Bone marrow lesion, Anterior cruciate ligament, Tibial plateau fracture, Metal artefacts
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-211352 (URN)10.3384/9789180759267 (DOI)9789180759250 (ISBN)9789180759267 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-07, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-02-04 Created: 2025-02-04 Last updated: 2025-02-12Bibliographically approved

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