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Fatigue in irritable bowel syndrome is associated with plasma levels of TNF-α and mesocorticolimbic connectivity
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Primary Care Center, Primary Health Care Center Mantorp.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Mag- tarmmedicinska kliniken.
Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6820-0215
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2021 (English)In: Brain, behavior, and immunity, ISSN 0889-1591, E-ISSN 1090-2139, Vol. 92, p. 211-220Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a symptom-based disorder of gut-brain interactions generating abdominal pain. It is also associated with a vulnerability to develop extraintestinal symptoms, with fatigue often reported as one of the most disturbing. Fatigue is related to brain function and inflammation in several disorders, however, the mechanisms of such relations in IBS remain elusive. This study aimed to elucidate fatigue and its association with a resting state network of mesocorticolimbic regions of known importance in fatigue, and to explore the possible role of circulating TNF-α levels in IBS and healthy controls (HC). Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted in 88 IBS patients and 47 HC of similar age and gender to investigate functional connectivity between mesocorticolimbic regions. Further, fatigue impact on daily life and plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), of known relevance to immune activation in IBS, were also measured. The selected mesocorticolimbic regions indeed formed a functionally connected network in all participants. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), in particular, exhibited functional connectivity to all other regions of interest. In IBS, fatigue impact on daily life was negatively correlated with the connectivity between NAc and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally (left p = 0.019; right p = 0.038, corrected for multiple comparisons), while in HC, fatigue impact on daily life was positively correlated to the connectivity between the right NAc and anterior middle insula in both hemispheres (left p = 0.009; right p = 0.011). We found significantly higher levels of TNF-α in IBS patients compared to HC (p = 0.001) as well as a positive correlation between TNF-α and fatigue impact on daily life in IBS patients (rho = 0.25, p = 0.02) but not in HC (rho = −0.13, p = 0.37). There was no association between functional connectivity in the mesocorticolimbic network and plasma levels of TNF-α in either group In summary, this novel multimodal study provides the first evidence that the vulnerability to fatigue in IBS is associated with connectivity within a mesocorticolimbic network as well as immune activation. These findings warrant further investigation, both peripherally and potentially with measurements of central immune activation as well.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2021. Vol. 92, p. 211-220
Keywords [en]
Irritable bowel syndrome, Vulnerability, Fatigue impact, TNF-α, Immune activation, Resting state fMRI, Mesocorticolimbic network, Gut-brain interactions, Inflammation
National Category
Neurology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172690DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.035ISI: 000620650400007PubMedID: 33249172Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85097658352OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-172690DiVA, id: diva2:1519574
Funder
AFA Insurance, SW; AFA140417Östergötland County Council, SW; SLS-693541, SLS-503411Region Östergötland, SW; LIO-700871, LIO-606201, LIO-536281, LIO-514271German Research Foundation (DFG), AI; DFG IC 81/1-1
Note

Additional funding agencies: Lions forskningsfond mot folksjukdomar (AKN; LIU-2019-01190). 

Available from: 2021-01-19 Created: 2021-01-19 Last updated: 2022-05-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Exploring the Biopsychosocial Model in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: with emphasis on stress, comorbidities and fatigue
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring the Biopsychosocial Model in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: with emphasis on stress, comorbidities and fatigue
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, chronic, relapsing, and sometimes disabling, symptombased disorder of gut brain interactions. It has got a female predominance and occurs in all ages, with a slight decrease among elderly. The IBS symptoms can affect everyday work and social life in addition to an increased use of health care resources. Most IBS patients are diagnosed and helped in primary health care (PHC). For many patients, available treatment is insufficient. It is known that both extraintestinal symptoms such as fatigue, as well as comorbidities such as mood disorders, chronic pain syndromes, and insomnia contribute to the illness burden, often to a larger extent than the gastrointestinal symptoms as such.

Even though the pathophysiology of IBS is not completely known, it is now conceptualized as a disorder of altered brain-gut interactions, where a biopsychosocial model helps in understanding the symptoms. Exposure to stress is thought to play an important role overall in the pathology of IBS, as well as immune activation at least in a subgroup of patients.

This thesis aimed to gain deeper understanding of the biopsychosocial mechanisms of IBS and its associations with stress, comorbidities, and fatigue.

Methods 

Study I and II are based on the Twin cities IBS study population, which included IBS patients and a control group of other patients without gastrointestinal complaints from ten PHC centres in the county of Östergötland. Alongside demographics, psychosocial questionnaires and a GI symptom diary, it included analyses of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) evaluated in study I, and data on self-rated health as well as diagnoses of comorbidities, and number of health care contacts from a regional registry, evaluated for study II.

Study III of this thesis is based on the Brain-Gut study with a population of secondary care IBS patients, and healthy controls (HC). It included self-rated measures of fatigue impact on the daily life and early adverse life events, as well as measures of circulating TNF-α, and analyses of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain areas within a mesocorticolimbic circuitry of known relevance for fatigue.

Results 

Study I: Perceived stress was higher in the IBS group while a considerable portion of IBS patients had low levels of HCC. No association between perceived stress and HCC was seen in either group.

Study II: IBS patients had lower self-rated health and more PHC utilization than the non-IBS patients. Good self-rated health was independently associated with younger age, higher sense of coherence and less gastrointestinal pain in both groups. In IBS, PHC utilization was associated with comorbidities in general, and sleep disorders in particular.

Study III: Fatigue impact on daily life, and TNF- α were higher in IBS patients than in HC. In IBS, further an association was seen between fatigue impact on the one hand, and TNF- α, emotional abuse in childhood, as well as altered mesocorticolimbic connectivity on the other.

Conclusion 

In conclusion this thesis firstly emphasizes that IBS patients in many ways, including health outcomes, consists a vulnerable group of PHC patients. We add evidence for a possible suppression of the stress response system in a substantial portion of IBS patients.

Further, comorbid sleep disorders seem to be particularly associated with excess PHC utilization in IBS and could possibly be a target for treatment interventions. Moreover, alongside treating gastrointestinal pain, efforts to improve the individuals’ sense of coherence could be one way to achieve better self-rated health in both IBS and non-IBS patients.

Finally, we suggest that fatigue in IBS is associated with immune activation, central alterations and to some extend also previous childhood trauma.

Abstract [sv]

IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) är en vanlig, kronisk tarmsjukdom med återkommande symtom av buksmärta tillsammans med ändrade avföringsvanor. Den drabbar cirka 10% av befolkningen och är vanligast hos kvinnor samt något mindre vanlig hos äldre. För många innebär IBS ett stort lidande, försämrad livskvalitet och ökad sjukvårdskonsumtion. De flesta IBS-patienter tas om hand i primärvården. Nuvarande, tillgänglig behandling är ofta otillräcklig.

En del IBS-patienter har också andra symtom, så som muskelsmärta och uttalad trötthet, som inte går över vid vila, så kallad fatigue. Det är också vanligt förekommande med andra sjukdomstillstånd såsom depression och andra smärtsyndrom. Det är visat att den typen av symtom och samsjuklighet många gånger är värre för IBS-patienten än de faktiska magtarmsymptomen.

Numera tror man att symtomen vid IBS beror på störningar i det ömsesidiga samspelet mellan tarm och hjärna, men de bakomliggande mekanismerna är inte helt klarlagda. För att förstå IBS-patientens symtom är en så kallad biopsykosocial förklaringsmodell till stor hjälp, då symtomen inte bara beror av biologiska mekanismer, utan individens sociala miljö samt psykologiska reaktioner spelar också stor roll.

Stress är centralt för så väl utveckling av, som symtom vid IBS och även för förståelsen av den biopsykosociala förklaringsmodellen generellt. Tidigare forskning visar också att immunsystemet är påverkat hos åtminstone en andel av IBS-patienterna.

Syftet med den här avhandlingen var att nå en djupare förståelse av biopsykosociala mekanismer vid IBS med fokus på stress, samsjuklighet och fatigue.

 

Delstudie I och II jämförde IBS-patienter och en kontrollgrupp med andra primärvårdspatienter, utan magtarmsymtom på 10 vårdcentraler i Östergötland. Delstudie III undersökte IBS-patienter på magtarmkliniken i Linköping i jämförelse med friska kontroller.

I delstudie I undersökte vi kortisol i hår-nivåer, som ett mått på hur stresshormonnivåerna varit över tid. Trots att IBS-patienterna som grupp beskrev en större självupplevd stress än icke-IBS-patienterna hade en andel förhållandevis låga nivåer av kortisol i håret.

I delstudie II undersökte vi hur samsjuklighet i form av totalt antal registrerade diagnoser, samt vissa specifika diagnoser och psykologiska aspekter samt magtarmsymtom, påverkade självskattad hälsa och primärvårdskonsumtion hos IBS- och icke-IBS-patienterna. I båda grupperna var lägre ålder, större känsla av sammanhang, och lägre grad av buksmärta oberoende associerat med bättre självskattad hälsa. Hos IBS-patienterna fann vi närmast en femfaldigt ökad risk att ha många kontakter med primärvården vid samtidigt diagnostiserad sömnstörning. Den kopplingen sågs inte hos patienterna utan IBS. Däremot var det totala antalet diagnoser också en faktor av betydelse för vårdkonsumtionen i båda grupperna.

I delstudie III belyste vi fatigue och eventuella kopplingar till nivåer av en proinflammatorisk signalmolekyl (TNF-α) samt till självrapporterade missförhållanden under uppväxten hos IBS patienter och friska kontroller. Med funktionell magnetkameraundersökning av hjärnan undersökte vi också kopplingen mellan aktivitetsmönster i områden som är relaterade till emotionella, kognitiva och motivationsrelaterade aspekter av fatigue hos IBS patienter och friska kontroller. Vi fann att IBS-patienterna upplevde fyrfaldigt mer påverkan av fatigue på sina dagliga liv än kontrollerna. Den ökade trötthetsupplevelsen var också relaterad till högre nivåer av TNF-α i blodet hos IBS-patienterna, liksom i viss mån till missförhållanden under uppväxten. Slutligen såg vi att högre grad av upplevd fatigue hos IBS-patienterna ledde till minskad samtida aktivitet (konnektivitet) i de undersökta hjärnområdena som representerade de motivationsrelaterade och kognitiva aspekterna av trötthetsupplevelsen. Någon liknande koppling mellan TNF-α och förändringar i hjärnaktiviteten sågs ej.

Sammanfattningsvis pekar våra resultat gällande samsjuklighet, självskattad hälsa, psykosociala faktorer samt fatigue på att IBS-patienterna är en sårbar patientgrupp som bör uppmärksammas.

Våra resultat från delstudie I pekar vidare mot att stressaxeln kan vara uttröttad hos vissa IBS-patienter.

Enligt resultaten i delstudie II är känsla av sammanhang jämte buksmärta faktorer, som bör tas i beaktande för att om möjligt uppnå bättre självskattad hälsa både hos IBS- och andra primärvårdspatienter. Vidare synes IBS-patienternas förhållandevis stora vårdkonsumtion vara särskilt avhängig av samtidig sömnstörning, vilket också det torde vara av betydelse i klinisk praxis och av intresse för framtida forskning.

Delstudie III, visar ett samband mellan fatigue, som bisymtom vid IBS, och så väl barndomstrauman som möjlig immunaktivering. Vi fann även att IBS patienter som upplevde stor påverkan av fatigue på sina dagliga liv, också hade en minskad konnektivitet mellan hjärnstrukturer av betydelse för kognition och motivation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. p. 97
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1736
National Category
General Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170320 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-170320 (DOI)9789179298654 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-11-09, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-10-09 Created: 2020-10-09 Last updated: 2021-05-09Bibliographically approved

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