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The Effects on Driving Behavior When Using a Head-Mounted Display in a Dynamic Driving Simulator
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5057-4043
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden.
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden.
2022 (English)In: ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, ISSN 1544-3558, E-ISSN 1544-3965, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 1-18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Driving simulators are established tools used during automotive development and research. Most simulators use either monitors or projectors as their primary display system. However, the emergence of a new generation of head-mounted displays has triggered interest in using these as the primary display type. The general benefits and drawbacks of head-mounted displays are well researched, but their effect on driving behavior in a simulator has not been sufficiently quantified.

This article presents a study of driving behavior differences between projector-based graphics and head-mounted display in a large dynamic driving simulator. This study has selected five specific driving maneuvers suspected of affecting driving behavior differently depending on the choice of display technology. Some of these maneuvers were chosen to reveal changes in lateral and longitudinal driving behavior. Others were picked for their ability to highlight the benefits and drawbacks of head-mounted displays in a driving context.

The results show minor changes in lateral and longitudinal driver behavior changes when comparing projectors and a head-mounted display. The most noticeable difference in favor of projectors was seen when the display resolution is critical to the driving task. The choice of display type did not affect simulator sickness nor the realism rated by the subjects.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery , 2022. Vol. 19, no 1, p. 1-18
Keywords [en]
driver behavior, Head-mounted display, driving simulator
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182178DOI: 10.1145/3483793OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-182178DiVA, id: diva2:1626027
Available from: 2022-01-10 Created: 2022-01-10 Last updated: 2025-02-18
In thesis
1. Driving in Virtual Reality: Requirements for automotive research and development
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Driving in Virtual Reality: Requirements for automotive research and development
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the last decades, there has been a substantial increase in the development of complex active safety systems for automotive vehicles. These systems need to be tested for verification and validation to ensure that the system intervenes in the correct situations using the correct measures. There are multiple methods available to perform such testing. Software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop testing offer effective driverless testing. Other methods increase the fidelity by including human drivers, such as driving simulators and experiments performed at test tracks.

This thesis examines vehicle-in-the-loop testing, an innovative method where the driver of a real vehicle wears a head-mounted display that displays virtual targets. This method combines the benefits of driving simulators with the benefits of using a real vehicle on a test track. Driving simulators offer repeatability, safety, and the possibility of complex interactions between actors. In contrast, the real vehicle provides the correct vehicle dynamics and motion feedback.

There is a need to know how the technology behind the method might influence the results from vehicle-in-the-loop testing. Two techniques for vehicle-in-the-loop systems are studied. The first involves video-see through head-mounted displays, where the focus of the research is on the effects of visual latency on driving behavior. The results show that lateral driving behavior changes with added latency, but longitudinal behavior appears unaffected. The second system uses an opaque head-mounted display in an entirely virtual world. The research shows that this solution changes speed perception and results in a significant degradation in performance of tasks dependent on visual acuity.

This research presents results that are relevant to consider when developing vehicle-in-the-loop platforms. The results are also applicable when choosing scenarios for this test method.

Abstract [sv]

Dagens fordon innehåller fler och fler säkerhetssystem. Vissa av dessa system ger varningar i potentiellt kritiska trafiksituationer. Det finns också mer komplexa system som tillfälligt kan ta kontroll över fordonet för att förhindra en olycka eller åtminstone mildra effekterna. Komplexiteten hos dessa system innebär att man måste genomföra omfattande tester. Både för att se att systemen reagerar vid rätt tidpunkt, men också för att se att valet av åtgärd är korrekt.

Det finns många olika sätt att testa dessa system. Man börjar vanligtvis med simuleringar av programvara och hårdvara. Därefter kan systemet introduceras i ett fordon för att se vilka effekter systemet har när det interagerar med en riktig förare. Att utföra tester med förare ställer dock höga säkerhetskrav, och det är ofta svårt att samordna komplexa trafiksituationer på en testbana. Traditionellt har körsimulatorer varit ett naturligt alternativ eftersom de kan utföra komplexa scenarier i en säker miljö.

Denna avhandling undersöker en testmetod där man utrustar föraren med en virtual reality-display. Genom att presentera omvärlden med hjälp av virtual reality, så kan man genomföra scenarion som tidigare varit omöjliga på en testbana. Det kan dock finnas inbyggda begränsningar i virtual reality tekniken som kan påverka körbeteendet. Det är därför viktigt att hitta och kvantifiera dessa effekter för att kunna lita på resultaten från testmetoden. Att känna till dessa effekter på körbeteendet dessutom kan hjälpa till att avgöra vilka typer av scenarier som är lämpade för denna testmetod. Det är också viktig information för att avgöra var man bör fokusera den tekniska utvecklingen av testutrustningen.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. p. 58
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2085
Keywords
Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, Driver Behavior, Active Safety Testing
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168378 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-168378 (DOI)9789179298173 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-10-02, C3, C-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova
Note

Ytterligare forskningsfinansiär: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)

Available from: 2020-09-02 Created: 2020-08-20 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

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Blissing, Björn

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