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A 12-year experience of endovascular repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms in all patients
Orebro Univ Hosp, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
Orebro Univ Hosp, Sweden.
Orebro Univ Hosp, Sweden.
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Vascular Surgery, ISSN 0741-5214, E-ISSN 1097-6809, Vol. 77, no 3, p. 741-749Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has been increasingly performed for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs). However, multiple randomized trials have failed to demonstrate a survival benefit compared with open aortic surgery. During a 12-year period, 100% of patients without a history of aneurysm surgery had undergone EVAR for a rAAA at orebro University Hospital, with no emergent open aortic surgery performed. In the present study, we evaluated the mortality and technical success during this "EVAR-only" period. Methods: A single-center, retrospective observational study was conducted. We identified all patients who had presented to Orebro University Hospital with a rAAA between October 2009 and September 2021. Patients with isolated iliac artery, thoracic, and thoracoabdominal aortic ruptures were not included. Patients who had received previous aortic interventions (open or endovascular) and patients who had received palliative treatment instead of surgical intervention were also excluded. The patient characteristics, perioperative and postoperative data, and mortality rate were investigated. Results: EVAR had been performed in 100 patients. Preoperative hemodynamic instability had been present in 54 patients (54%), and 18 (18%) had undergone aortic balloon occlusion. The aneurysm location was infrarenal in 89 patients (89%). Bifurcated stent grafts had been used in 97 patients (97%), and adjunct endovascular techniques had been used for 27 patients (27%). Of 98 patients, EVAR had been performed with the patient under local anesthesia for 62 patients (63%). Peri-and postoperative complications at 30 days had occurred in 20 of 100 patients (20%) and 22 of 79 patients (28%), respectively. The overall mortality at 30 days was 27% (27 of 100 patients), and the mortality for those with an isolated infrarenal rAAA was 24% (21 of 89 patients). The overall mortality at 1 year was 39% (39 of 100 patients) and for those with an isolated infrarenal rAAA was 37% (33 of 89 patients). The presence of preoperative hemodynamic instability and the use of ABO were statistically significantly and independently associated with increased 30-day mortality on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: All 100 patients who had undergone surgery for a rAAA had been treated using EVAR and endovascular adjuncts, with a relatively low mortality rate, thus continuing the "EVAR-only" approach. A low proportion of rAAA patients were considered surgically unsuitable. These findings support the applicability of EVAR for the treatment of all rAAAs at suitable centers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MOSBY-ELSEVIER , 2023. Vol. 77, no 3, p. 741-749
Keywords [en]
Aortic aneurysm; Aortic rupture; Endovascular aortic repair; Endovascular procedures
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-193038DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2022.10.032ISI: 000952530400001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-193038DiVA, id: diva2:1750795
Available from: 2023-04-14 Created: 2023-04-14 Last updated: 2024-05-13
In thesis
1. Experimental and Clinical Studies in Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Aspects of Hypothermia and Endovascular Treatment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental and Clinical Studies in Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Aspects of Hypothermia and Endovascular Treatment
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (rAAA) is a life-threatening medical condition with historically reported mortality rates of 80%. Open aortic surgery was for the first time performed in 1950s. EndoVscular Aortic Repair (EVAR) was introduced in the 1990s as a minimally invasive treatment alternative because complications after open surgery of rAAA were relatively common. EVAR resulted in substantially lower short-term mortality, but still the life of one in four patients cannot be saved.

The overarching aim of this research project was to study effects of induced hypothermia on survival in hemorrhagic shock caused by bleeding into the retroperitoneal room because of aortic rupture, and the effects of accidental hypothermia and the long-term outcomes of EVAR in treatment of rAAA.

Experimental studies (1 & 2): In absence of a validated model, we created an experimental model, in anesthetized pigs (19 animals), to study size-controlled rupture in the posterolateral aortic wall with retroperitoneal bleeding. This model proved to be accurate and reproducible.

Using this novel model, we studied the effects of moderate induced hypothermia on survival. In a randomized comparison (10 animals in each arm), we found that survival of the experimental animals was not impaired by induced hypothermia.

Clinical studies (3 & 4): Patients treated with an EVAR-only treatment strategy in rAAA, in a single center, between October 2009-, until September 2021 (study 3) and September 2023 (study 4) were included. The retrospective study of outcomes of EVAR, in 100 patients (75 men) with rAAA found an EVAR treatment strategy feasible. Turndown rate was only 3,5%, with patients not suitable for open surgery either. We found a 30-day mortality of 27% and one-year mortality of 37%. After three years, 40% of the patients in the cohort were still alive. Low systemic blood pressure and need for use of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) were independently associated with increased 30-day mortality.

In a further retrospective study (EVAR in 86 patients with rAAA), pre-, peri-, and postoperative data with focus on body temperature, blood gas analyses, transfusion needs and presence of multiorgan failure as well as 30-day, 90-day mortality, were studied in three subgroups of body temperature. Accidental hypothermia was found to be associated with deteriorated hemodynamics, with increased need for REBOA and for transfusions. The hypothermic patients suffered multiorgan failure more often. There was a higher mortality, although not statistically significant, in hypothermic patients.

In conclusion, EVAR in rAAA was found to have survival outcomes that are superior to the historically published data.

The favorable outcomes for hypothermia in the experimental study versus worse outcomes in the clinical study suggest that accidental hypothermia and induced hypothermia are two different entities which may set path for future studies in this field.

Abstract [sv]

Rupturerat bukaortaaneurysm (rAAA) är ett livshotande medicinskt tillstånd med historiskt rapporterade dödlighetsnivåer på 80%. Öppen aortakirurgi introducerades på 1950-talet. Endovaskulär aortareparation (EVAR) infördes på 1990-talet som ett minimalinvasivt behandlingsalternativ eftersom komplikationer efter öppen kirurgi vid rAAA var relativt vanliga. EVAR resulterade i betydligt lägre korttidsdödlighet, men ändå kan livet för en av fyra patienter inte räddas.

Det övergripande målet med detta forskningsprojekt var att studera effekterna av inducerad hypotermi på överlevnad vid blödning i retroperitoneala rummet på grund av aortaruptur, samt effekten av accidentell hypotermi och de långsiktiga resultaten av EVAR vid behandling av rAAA.

Experimentella studier (1 & 2): I brist på en validerad modell skapade vi en experimentell modell med sövda grisar (totalt 19 djur) för att studera storlekskontrollerad ruptur i den posterolaterala aortaväggen. Denna modell visade sig vara exakt och reproducerbar. Med denna modell studerade vi effekterna av inducerad måttlig hypotermi på överlevnad. I en randomiserad jämförelse (10 djur i varje arm) fann vi att överlevnaden hos de experimentella djuren inte påverkades negativt av inducerad hypotermi.

Kliniska studier (3 & 4): Patienter som behandlades med en 100%-EVAR-behandlingsstrategi vid rAAA, vid ett enda center, mellan oktober 2009- och september 2021 (studie 3), samt september 2023 (studie 4) inkluderades. Den retrospektiva studien av resultaten av EVAR, med 100 patienter (75 män) med rAAA, visade att en behandlingsstrategi med 100% EVAR var genomförbar. Avvisningsfrekvensen var endast 3,5% och dessa patienter var inte heller lämpliga för öppen kirurgi. Vi fann att 30-dagars-dödlighet var 27% och ettårs-dödligheten var 37%. Efter tre år var 40% av patienterna i kohorten fortfarande i livet. Lågt systemiskt blodtryck under operationen, och behovet av användning av aortaocklusionsballong (REBOA) var, oberoende av varandra, associerade med ökad 30-dagars dödlighet.

I ytterligare en retrospektiv studie (EVAR hos 86 patienter med rAAA) studerades pre-, peri- och postoperativa data med fokus på kroppstemperatur, blodgasanalyser, transfusionsbehov och närvaro av multiorgansvikt, samt 30-dagars och 90-dagars dödlighet i tre undergrupper av kroppstemperatur. Hypotermi visade sig vara associerad med försämrad hemodynamik, med ökat behov av REBOA och transfusioner. De hypotermiska patienterna drabbades oftare av multiorgansvikt. Det fanns en högre dödlighet, även om den inte var statistiskt signifikant, hos hypoterma patienter.

Sammanfattningsvis hade EVAR vid rAAA högre överlevnad än de historiskt publicerade data. De gynnsamma resultaten för hypotermi i den experimentella studien jämfört med sämre resultat i den kliniska studien tyder på att accidentell hypotermi och inducerad hypotermi är två olika entiteter, vilket kan lägga grunden för framtida studier inom detta område.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 69
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1913
Keywords
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, EVAR, REBOA, Endovascular treatment, Rupturerat bukaortaaneurysm, EVAR, REBOA, Endovaskulär behandlingsmetod
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203423 (URN)10.3384/9789180756266 (DOI)9789180756259 (ISBN)9789180756266 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-06-14, Hasselqvistsalen, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-05-13 Created: 2024-05-13 Last updated: 2024-05-13Bibliographically approved

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