liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Innovative Small-molecule Therapies for Psoriasis
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, The Division of Cell and Neurobiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Dermatology and Venerology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9260-8528
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease with a strong genetic predisposition. Formerly considered a purely skin disease, it is now recognised as a chronic systemic condition that may affect the nails and joints and can increase the risk of coexisting chronic conditions, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. The majority of patients experience mild to moderate severity of psoriasis, for which topical treatments are the first-line therapy. For more severe forms, ultraviolet therapy or systemic treatments, such as methotrexate and monoclonal antibodies, are available and can be highly effective. Despite these options, some patients experience insufficient results or adverse effects, and psoriasis is well established to significantly reduce health-related quality of life. In 2014, the World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 67.9 emphasised the need for new, widely accessible treatments for psoriasis. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to evaluate novel small-molecule treatment options for psoriasis within the field of redox medicine.

In Study I, we investigated small-molecule MutT Homolog 1 (MTH1) inhibitors in preclinical models. The enzyme MTH1 is crucial for preventing oxidative damage to guanine, a nucleotide and building block of DNA. Cancer cells exhibit increased oxidative DNA damage and over-express MTH1 to protect their survival. Inhibition of MTH1, a strategy to disrupt this protective mechanism, is currently under clinical investigation by Prof. Helleday's group at Karolinska Institutet (KI). Psoriasis shares pathological features with cancer, such as hyperproliferation, a pro-inflammatory environment, and angiogenesis, although malignant transformation generally does not occur in psoriatic cells. Psoriatic tissue also exhibits disrupted redox homeostasis, and we demonstrated in Study I that the enzyme MTH1 is upregulated in human psoriatic skin. MTH1 inhibition with subcutaneous injections reduced histological characteristics and inflammation in an in vivo mouse model of psoriasis.

Our results of genetic analyses further support MTH1 inhibitors as a potential future treatment option for psoriasis. In Study II, we investigated the functional role of the gene nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), which has been identified as a susceptibility gene for psoriasis. It has also been suggested as a disease classifier, distinguishing it from different types of eczema, another common skin disease. The small molecule nitric oxide (NO) is produced by NOS2, and other isoforms of NOS. NO has been shown to exhibit pleiotropic effects depending on its concentration in cells, which can lead to opposite effects on various biological functions, such as promoting or inhibiting proliferation and inflammation. We demonstrated that NOS2 contributes significantly to the psoriatic phenotype in a mouse model of psoriasis. Additionally, we observed beneficial effects of an NO-donor cream in the imiquimod (IMQ) mouse model, with decreased keratinocyte proliferation and reduced inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis. The results of Study II highlight the therapeutical potential of an NO-donor cream as a novel topical treatment option for the majority of patients with mild-to-moderate psoriasis. In Study III, we evaluated a topical formulation of an MTH1 inhibitor (MTH1i TH1579) and demonstrated a diminished psoriatic phenotype in an in vivo mouse model of psoriasis. We showed that the number of IL-17-producing T-cells, crucial immune cells involved in driving the inflammation, was significantly reduced in murine skin following short-term treatment. Additionally, we observed a near abolition of IL-17 gene expression, an effect that may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. Furthermore, we explored an MTH1-S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2)-Enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH2) pathway potentially involved in the antiproliferative effects of topical MTH1 inhibition through its impact on the cell cycle. In conclusion, this thesis provides the foundation for the development of novel treatment options for psoriasis with the small-molecule substances MTH1i TH1579 and NO, the latter incorporated into an NO-donor cream, showing beneficial effects in a well-established mouse model of psoriasis.

Abstract [sv]

Psoriasis är en inflammatorisk och kronisk hudsjukdom som drabbar människor i alla åldrar världen över. Vanligtvis uppstår välavgränsade röda plack med silvriga eller grå fjäll på huden. Sjukdomen ansågs tidigare vara en ren hudsjukdom, men betraktas numera som en inflammatorisk systemsjukdom, vilket innebär att inflammationen också påverkar inre delar av kroppen. I detta sammanhang är det betydelsefullt att personer med hög sjukdomsbörda löper en ökad risk för samtidigt förekommande kroniska sjukdomar, såsom obesitas (fetma) och hjärt-kärlsjukdomar. Många patienter med psoriasis upplever också påverkan på naglar och leder. Det är välkänd att psoriasis har en betydande negativ inverkan på hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Trots stora framsteg under de senaste decennierna i förståelsen av sjukdomens bakomliggande mekanismer och individens geners bidragande roll, finns det fortfarande ingen botande behandling.

Ungefär två tredjedelar av patienterna med psoriasis har en mild till måttlig svårighetsgrad av sjukdomen. Mild psoriasis behandlas vanligtvis med mjukgörande medel och glukokortikoider (kortison), antingen ensamt eller i kombination med kolekalciferol (vitamin D3). Vid otillräcklig effekt tillämpas ljusbehandling som tillägg, följt av systemisk behandling med immunmodulerande läkemedel, där metotrexat är förstahandsvalet. Biologiska läkemedel utgör sista steget i behandlingstrappan. Dessa läkemedel är antikroppar i sprutform och anses för närvarande de mest effektiva behandlingsalternativen. Trots deras höga effektivitet finns det patienter med psoriasis som inte svarar på behandlingen eller som drabbas av allvarliga biverkningar. År 2014 betonade Världshälsoförsamlingen i resolution WHA 67.9 behovet av nya, allmänt tillgängliga behandlings-alternativ för psoriasis. I detta sammanhang är utvecklingen av nya terapier särskilt relevant för den majoritet av patienter med mild till måttlig psoriasis.

De tre delarbetena i avhandlingen beskriver experimentella studier inom redoxmedicin för att utveckla nya behandlingar mot psoriasis som kan vara lämpliga för topikal behandling i salva- eller krämform på huden. Små-molekylära ämnen undersöktes, bestående av kemiska molekyler som har förmågan att påverka sjukdomsmekanismer i cellerna. Redoxmedicin är ett relativt nytt forskningsområde som fokuserar på kemiska processer som involverar oxidation- och reduktionsreaktioner (överföring av elektroner), ofta i samband med syre i kroppen.

I den första studien undersöktes effekten av MTH1-hämmare i cellförsök och i en musmodell för psoriasis. MTH1-hämmarna utvecklades av en forskargrupp vid Karolinska Institutet, ledd av professor Helleday, som är verksam inom cancerforskning. MTH1-enzymet förhindrar att oxidativt skadade byggstenar (nukleotider) infogas i cellens DNA. Cancerceller utsätts för ökad oxidativ stress på grund av sin höga delningstakt. När enzymet hämmas ansamlas oxidativt skadade nukleotider, vilket leder till att cellerna drabbas av oxidativa DNA-skador och dör, en mekanism som här utnyttjas som behandlingsstrategi mot cancer. Psoriasisceller känne-tecknas också av en hög delningstakt och därmed förhöjd oxidativ stress, även om det sker i en godartad process. Detta inspirerade hypotesen att MTH1-hämmare även skulle kunna vara effektiva mot psoriasis. Eftersom positiva effekter av MTH1-hämmaren vid subkutan applikation (injektion) observerades på den psoriatriska inflammationen i musmodellen i studie I, fortsattes arbetet i studie III med att testa en krämformulering av MTH1-hämmaren. Även MTH1-krämen visade tydliga antiinflammatoriska effekter i mushud redan efter några få applikationer. En nyligen beskriven signalväg, som har betydelse för cellcykeln, undersöktes, vilket kan vara en förklaring varför den snabba delningen av hudceller bromsas och bidrar till att MTH1-hämmare verkar fungera som en innovativ behandlingsstrategi mot psoriasis.

I studie II undersöktes en liten gasmolekyl, kväveoxid (NO), som bildas i alla däggdjur samt i vissa växter. Forskning under de senaste decennierna har visat att NO har olika funktioner beroende på dess koncentration. Den används bland annat av celler för att överföra signaler, eftersom den lätt diffunderar genom cellmembran. Vid infektioner med bakterier eller virus kan NO i höga koncentrationer användas för att eliminera dessa patogener. NO är en kraftfull vasodilatator, vilket innebär att det får blodkärlen att vidgas, vilket i sin tur leder till att blodtrycket sänks. En brist på NO i blodkärlen är en viktig mekanism bakom högt blodtryck. Genen för enzymet NOS2, som producerar NO i höga koncentrationer, har i studier visat sig vara betydelsefull i samband med psoriasis. I studie II undersöktes därför betydelsen av NOS2 för psoriasis i cell- och djurmodeller. I mus-försök analyserades effekten av ökad NO genom applicering av en NO-frisättande kräm. En förbättring av den psoriatriska inflammationen observerades, vilket indikerar att behandling med en NO-frisättande kräm kan vara en möjlig framtida behandlingsstrategi mot psoriasis. Sammanfattningsvis banar de tre studierna i avhandlingen väg för innovativa behandlingsalternativ för psoriasis inom redoxmedicin, med särskilt fokus på topikala behandlingar som kan nå en större patientgrupp, där nuvarande behandlingsalternativ är begränsade.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 85
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1946
Keywords [en]
Psoriasis, MTH1 inhibitor, NOS2, Nitric oxide
National Category
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210508DOI: 10.3384/9789180758390ISBN: 9789180758383 (print)ISBN: 9789180758390 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-210508DiVA, id: diva2:1921740
Public defence
2025-02-07, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-17 Created: 2024-12-17 Last updated: 2024-12-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. MTH1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Psoriasis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>MTH1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Psoriasis
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology, ISSN 0022-202X, E-ISSN 1523-1747, Vol. 141, no 8, p. 2037-2048Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, are characterized by changes in redox regulation. The MTH1 prevents the incorporation of oxidized nucleotides during DNA replication. Using MTH1 small-molecule inhibitors, we found induced apoptosis through 8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate accumulation and DNA double-strand breaks after oxidative stress in normal and malignant keratinocytes. In psoriasis, we detected increased MTH1 expression in lesional skin and PBMCs compared with that in the controls. Using the imiquimod psoriasis mouse model, we found that MTH1 inhibition diminished psoriatic histological characteristics and normalized the levels of neutrophils and T cells in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes. The inhibition abolished the expression of T helper type 17-associated cytokines in the skin, which was in line with decreased levels of IL-17-producing gd T cells in lymph nodes. In human keratinocytes, MTH1 inhibition prevented the upregulation of IL-17-downstream genes, which was independent of ROS-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, our data support MTH1 inhibition using small molecules suitable for topical application as a promising therapeutic approach to psoriasis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2021
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-179842 (URN)10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.026 (DOI)000697502000003 ()33676948 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Foundation; Welander Foundation; Swedish Psoriasis Association; Swedish Cancer SocietySwedish Cancer Society [CAN-18-0658]; Svenska Smartafonden; Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research [RB130224]

Available from: 2021-10-04 Created: 2021-10-04 Last updated: 2024-12-17
2. NOS2-derived low levels of NO drive psoriasis pathogenesis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>NOS2-derived low levels of NO drive psoriasis pathogenesis
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Cell Death and Disease, E-ISSN 2041-4889, Vol. 15, no 6, article id 449Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Psoriasis is an IL-23/Th17-mediated skin disorder with a strong genetic predisposition. The impact of its susceptibility gene nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate strong NOS2 mRNA expression in psoriatic epidermis, an effect that is IL-17 dependent. However, its complete translation to protein is prevented by the IL-17-induced miR-31 implying marginally upregulated NO levels in psoriatic skin. We demonstrate that lower levels of NO, as opposed to higher levels, increase keratinocyte proliferation and mediate IL-17 downstream effects. We hypothesized that the psoriatic phenotype may be alleviated by either eliminating or increasing cellular NO levels. In fact, using the imiquimod psoriasis mouse model, we found a profound impact on the psoriatic inflammation in both IMQ-treated NOS2 KO mice and wild-type mice treated with IMQ and the NO-releasing berdazimer gel. In conclusion, we demonstrate that IL-17 induces NOS2 and fine-tunes its translation towards a window of proinflammatory and hyperproliferative effects and identify NO donor therapy as a new treatment modality for psoriasis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPRINGERNATURE, 2024
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-206620 (URN)10.1038/s41419-024-06842-z (DOI)001255415500003 ()38926337 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Ingrid Asp Foundation; Welander Foundation; Swedish Psoriasis Association; ALF Grants, Region Ostergotland

Available from: 2024-08-21 Created: 2024-08-21 Last updated: 2025-04-15

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(5446 kB)484 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 5446 kBChecksum SHA-512
db15a902113f82d1f1a56434501c515e4ed20051e42d54d427c7e482b9f4593636c76af79841aa73782315c501b160fbbad38d3c30b945eb061c501b3cd56c34
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Order online >>

Other links

Publisher's full text

Authority records

Köhler, Ines

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Köhler, Ines
By organisation
The Division of Cell and NeurobiologyFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesDepartment of Dermatology and Venerology
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 486 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 1135 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf