Purpose: In times of geopolitical tensions, extreme weather, and pandemics, the importance of resilient and sustainable supply chains cannot be overstated. Despite this, there is a gap in the literature on the interplay between Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) and Supply Chain Resilience (SCR). Therefore, this paper aims to empirically explore synergies and trade-offs between GSCM and SCR.

Design/methodology/approach: The research is based on a multiple-case study of five logistics and manufacturing companies in Sweden. Our empirical data sources encompass semi-structured interviews with eleven managers specializing in logistics and sustainability, along with information from webpages, sustainability reports, and various documents.

Findings: Our findings consist of four main observations. 1. Synergies and trade-offs between GSCM and SCR arise from various considerations and behaviors beyond a narrow scope of GSCM and SCR practices. 2. Various company performance outcomes can trigger synergies and trade-offs between GSCM and SCR. 3. The relationship between GSCM and SCR is dynamic and evolvable. 4. Understanding system boundaries is crucial when analyzing whether synergies or trade-offs are created.

Research limitations/implications: This study represents a first attempt to empirically understand the interplay between SSCM and SCR. Future research could include surveys and other quantitative methods to further validate the findings.

Practical implications: Improving the understanding of the interplay between GSCM and SCR can help companies to develop more holistic and effective strategies for achieving short-term as well as long-term goals.

Original/value: GSCM and SCR have distinct objectives, processes, and performance metrics, their strategies often overlap. This study contributes to research by providing empirical evidence on the interplay.