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Multipair phase-modulated temporal interference electrical stimulation combined with fMRI
Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Switzerland.
St Annes Univ Hosp Brno, Czech Republic.
Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Switzerland.
Univ Geneva, Switzerland.
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2026 (English)In: Cell Systems, ISSN 2405-4712, E-ISSN 2405-4720, Vol. 17, no 7, article id 101610Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that exploits frequency-shifted kHz fields to modulate oscillatory neural activity. While human studies suggest TIS efficacy in target-ing relatively deep brain structures, recent computational modeling and animal studies indicate potential off-target stimulations via standard TIS protocols. Here, we computationally optimized TIS targeting for the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mice. Combining in vivo electrophysiological recordings, intracellular cal-cium dynamics with fiber photometry, and functional MRI, we confirmed TIS-induced amplitude modulation, neuronal entrainment, and hemodynamic responses in the mPFC, while also identifying off-target modula-tions. To mitigate off-target effects, we introduced a configuration with three electrode pairs, one of which is actively phase-shifted by 180 degrees. This canceling field enhanced TIS focality, thereby reducing off-target ef-fects without compromising TIS efficacy in the target area. This work effectively addresses one of TIS's most critical shortcomings and opens new avenues for research and clinical applications. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
CELL PRESS , 2026. Vol. 17, no 7, article id 101610
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-226627DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2026.101610ISI: 001825677700001PubMedID: 42134331Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105038838166OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-226627DiVA, id: diva2:2092660
Note

Funding Agencies|ETH [ETH-25 18-2]; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ECCELLENZA [PCEFP3_203005]; European Research Council (ERC) starting grant (ENTRAINER) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [758604]; European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program [101157945 (FITSLEEP), 101088623 (EMUNITI)]; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic [NW25-72908-00053 (SENSE)]; Czech Health Research Council [NW25-72908-00053 (SENSE)]; NeuroNA Foundation [310030_192757, 10.006.824, 10.003.762]; Campus Biotech Lighthouse Partnership for AI-Guided Neuromodulation, Wyss Center, Geneva; Swiss National Science Foundation [310030_192757, 10.006.824, 10.003.762]

Available from: 2026-08-17 Created: 2026-08-17 Last updated: 2026-08-17

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