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Unraveling and Mitigating Resolution Loss in UV-Assisted Vapor Phase Polymerization of Monolithic PEDOT:Tosylate Electrochromic Patterns
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. RISE Res Inst Sweden, Digital Syst Smart Hardware Printed Bioand Organ E, Norrköping, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-1840-4706
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7816-8602
RISE Res Inst Sweden, Digital Syst Smart Hardware Printed Bioand Organ E, Norrköping, Sweden.
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2026 (English)In: Advanced Optical Materials, ISSN 2162-7568, E-ISSN 2195-1071, Vol. 14, no 27Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is well known for its fast and stable electrochromism. Recently, a patterning concept was developed in which ultraviolet (UV) light exposure modifies the growth rate of its p-toluenesulfonate derivative (PEDOT:Tos) during oxidative vapor phase polymerization, enabling continuous films with electrochromic patterns that can switch without supporting electrodes. However, the resulting contrast often deviates significantly from the intended exposure design, previously believed to originate from diffusion of mobile water. This study investigates that hypothesis by comparing oxidant blends containing short and long block copolymers (Pluronic L-31 and P-123), expected to create oxidant templates with different properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy reveals strong signatures of loosely bound water after UV exposure for all formulations, which diffuses transiently along the exposure boundary. Yet, the findings show that linewidth broadening does not correlate with diffusion but rather with additional macroscopic structuring outside the exposure boundary, which is absent at low (5 wt.%) block-copolymer concentration. Formulations with Pluronic L-31 provide a resist-free approach for achieving 2-3 & micro;m electrochromic resolution in a standalone PEDOT:Tos film achieving switching times below 400 ms in aqueous electrolyte, and sustaining 2500 switching cycles in propylene glycol-based polyelectrolyte.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH , 2026. Vol. 14, no 27
Keywords [en]
block copolymers; conducting polymers; electrochromism; micropatterning; vapor phase polymerization
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-226700DOI: 10.1002/adom.71389ISI: 001810283800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105043587963OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-226700DiVA, id: diva2:2093468
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [FID20-0056]; European Research Council [101086683]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkping University [2009 00971]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [2019.0163, 2020.0301]; Swedish Research Council [2020-00287]; European Research Council (ERC) [101086683] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)

Available from: 2026-08-19 Created: 2026-08-19 Last updated: 2026-08-19

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Martins Mendes, BrunoKazi, SurayaJonsson, Magnus
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Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsFaculty of Science & Engineering
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