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Proportionalitetsbegreppet i den svenska gymnasiematematiken: en studie om läromedel och nationella prov
Linköping University, Department of Mathematics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. (Nationella forskarskolan i Naturvetenskapernas och Teknikens didaktik, FontD,)
2011 (Swedish)Licentiate thesis, monograph (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Proportionalitet är ett centralt begrepp i skolmatematiken. Begreppet introduceras i de lägre stadierna och återkommer i så gott som samtliga kurser från årskurs 9 tillsista kursen på gymnasiet. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur det matematiska begreppet proportionalitet hanteras i den svenska gymnasieskolan. En generell problematik kopplad till detta syfte är hur skolans styrdokument realiseras i läromedel och nationella prov. Fokus för denna avhandling har varit hur proportionalitet hanteras i det svenska gymnasiet i kursen Matematik A i några läromedel och nationella prov. För att undersöka detta utvecklades ett analysverktyg utifrån det teoretiska ramverket i ATD (Anthropological Theory of the Didactic). Av intresse är här relationer mellan de olika nivåerna i den didaktiska transpositionen, som berör just hur skolans styrdokument realiseras i läromedel och nationella prov. För det empiriska studiet av materialet användes från ATD begreppet matematisk organisation, genom att använda ett analysverktyg för att granska typer av uppgifter om proportionalitet, lösningstekniker och teoretiska modeller för proportionalitetsbegreppet.

De data som presenterats i denna studie ger en ganska ostrukturerad bild av de matematiska organisationer av begreppsområdet proportionalitet som presenteras i läromedel och i nationella prov och de ser även olika ut när det gäller hur proportionalitet hanteras i läromedlen respektive det nationella provet för Matematik A. Resultatet visar att ungefär var fjärde uppgift i de studerade kapitlen och de nationella proven berör proportionalitet men att begreppet hanteras ensidigt vad avser uppgiftstyp. Skillnader observerades mellan läromedel och nationella prov när det gäller hur lösningstekniker rekommenderas för olika typer av proportionalitetsuppgifter. De två teoretiska modeller för proportionalitet som har undersökts, dvs. statisk och dynamisk proportionalitet, finns representerade i ungefär lika omfattning i både läromedel och nationella prov. Vid uppgifter inom geometri handlar det dock ofta om statisk proportionalitet medan det inomområdet funktioner är vanligare att använda dynamisk proportionalitet.

Lärare bör få kunskap om skillnader mellan läromedel och läroplaner, och hur dessa tolkas i nationella prov, så att de i sin verksamhet kan välja det undervisningsinnehåll, inklusive övningsuppgifter, som ger en god variation för eleven kopplat till kursplanernas mål

Abstract [en]

Proportionality is a key concept in school mathematics. It is introduced in the primary grades, and reappears in almost all mathematics courses from Grade 9 to the last course in upper secondary school. The overall aim of this study is to investigate how the mathematical concept of proportionality is handled in the Swedish upper secondary school. A general problem connected to this end is how the national curriculum is realised in textbooks and national examinations. The focus of this thesis is on how proportionality is handled in the first Swedish upper secondary course in mathematics in some textbooks and national examinations. To examine this an analysis tool based on the theoretical framework of the ATD (Anthropological Theory of the Didactic) was developed. Of interest here are relations between the different levels in the didactic transposition, concerned with exactly how the national curriculum is realised in textbooks and national examinations. For the empirical study of the material the ATD concept of mathematical organisation was used, employing an analytical tool to examine the types of tasks dealing with proportionality, techniques for solving these tasks, and theoretical models for the concept of proportionality.

The data presented in this study gives a fairly unstructured picture of the mathematical organisations of the conceptual field of proportionality, as presented in textbooks and in the national tests. They also look different when it comes to how proportionality is handled in the textbooks and the national test for "Matematik A". The result shows that about every fourth task of the chapters and the national tests studied involved proportionality, but that there was a low variation in terms of types of tasks. Differences were observed between textbooks and national tests in terms of how solution techniques are recommended for different types of proportionality tasks. The two theoretical models of proportionality that were studied, ie. static and dynamic proportionality, are represented to approximately the same extent in both textbooks and national examinations. In geometry, it is often static proportionality, while in the field of functions it is common to use dynamic proportionality.

Teachers should have access to knowledge of the differences between textbooks and curricula, and how they are interpreted in the national tests, so that they can make deliberate choices in their teaching activities, including exercises, to support a good variety for students linked to curriculum objectives.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press , 2011. , p. 133
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 1498Studies in Science and Technology Education, ISSN 1652-5051 ; 44
Keywords [en]
Proportion, upper secondary school, textbooks, national course tests, curriculum, ATD, The anthropological theory of the didactics, missing value, numerical comparison, Qualitative prediction and comparison
Keywords [sv]
Proportionalitets begreppet, proportionalitet, Matematik A, gymnasiet, läromedel, nationella prov, läroplaner, Lpf 94, ATD, reguladetri, saknat värde, missing value, numerical comparison, Qualitative prediction and comparison
National Category
Computational Mathematics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68809Local ID: LIU-TEK-LIC-2011:37ISBN: 978-91-7393-132-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-68809DiVA, id: diva2:421154
Presentation
2011-06-21, Glashuset, Hus B, Campus Valla, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2011-06-28 Created: 2011-06-07 Last updated: 2024-12-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Att lära om statisk och dynamisk proportionalitet: En studie av den didaktiska transpositionen av svenska matematikuppgifter med proportionalitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Att lära om statisk och dynamisk proportionalitet: En studie av den didaktiska transpositionen av svenska matematikuppgifter med proportionalitet
2024 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this study is to shed light on how static and dynamic proportionality is treated by authors of teaching materials, on national tests and by teachers and students in the classroom, as well as how students encounter mathematics tasks where proportional reasoning is an option. The research is based on two sets of empirical data. In concrete terms, the thesis includes three studies examining three themes that relate to proportionality in classroom interaction and in texts. The first study analyses how proportionality is presented in some Swedish textbooks, in curricular texts and national course tests in mathematics for students in upper secondary school. The second study is a case study of how a teacher instructs and explains a task in a class in Grade 6, where proportional reasoning is a possible solution technique. Finally, the third study concerns how students in Grade 6 handle proportional reasoning when they encounter a patterning task involving proportional relationships. The analyses of textbooks and national course tests show that proportionality is handled differently in these two settings in the context of “Mathematics A” at the upper secondary school. About a quarter of the tasks in the textbooks and the national course tests involved proportionality tasks of one specific kind (missing value). Other types of proportionality tasks were infrequent. The results of the classroom studies show that students are able to engage in early forms of proportional reasoning before being taught about proportionality as a mathematical concept. The concept of learning trajectory is used to identify situations in the learning process during instruction where students meet obstacles and need scaffolding and teacher support. It is shown how a teacher dealing with a mathematical task involving mixtures of liquids encounters a task that has the possibility of making proportional reasoning visible for the students, and how she struggles to make the modelling required intelligible to herself and to the students. The instructional strategy of using everyday problems as a basis for learning implies that the initial modelling phase becomes crucial, and the students have to be aware of the conditions and limitations under which proportional reasoning is applicable. In conclusion, students engage in early forms of proportional reasoning well ahead of formal instruction. The difficulties they experience as they are to develop their proficiency, and where they require support from the teacher, concern how to model the familiar, everyday situations they encounter in exercises in mathematically precise and productive ways. In addition, in textbooks and national course tests proportionality is presented in a standardized, and rather simplified, form, and it is not sufficiently connected to the various areas of mathematics teaching and learning where it is applicable

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet, 2024. p. 221
Series
Göteborg studies in educational sciences, ISSN 0436-1121 ; 495
Keywords
proportionality, proportional reasoning, learning trajectory, textbooks, interaction, video analysis, microgenesis
National Category
Didactics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210405 (URN)2077/83652 (DOI)9789179630164 (ISBN)9789179630171 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-03, Sal: BE 015, Hus B, Pedagogen, Läroverksgatan 15, Göteborg, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Available from: 2024-12-12 Created: 2024-12-12 Last updated: 2024-12-18Bibliographically approved

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Lundberg, Anna, L., V.

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