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  • 1.
    Bergqvist, Davis
    et al.
    Uppsala Universitet.
    Säwe, Juliette
    SBU, Stockholm.
    Wahlberg, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Benartärsjukdom – inget nytt sedan SBU-rapporten2011In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 108, no 8, p. 403-405Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2007 a report on leg ischemia was published by SBU (Board of Health Technology Assessment in Sweden). This paper summarizes the results of this report and analyzes further investigations of interest. No new open surgical or endovascular methods have been reported. Cilostazol has been approved to increase the walking distance in claudicants. Ongoing trials are evaluating the effect of stem cells and angiogenic factors to treat critical limb ischaemia.

  • 2.
    Cao, Ziquan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Jensen, Lasse
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Rouhi, Pegah
    Karolinska Institute.
    Hosaka, Kayoko
    Karolinska Institute.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Steffensen, John F
    University of Copenhagen.
    Wahlberg, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Cao, Yihai
    Karolinska Institute.
    Hypoxia-induced retinopathy model in adult zebrafish2010In: Nature Protocols, ISSN 1754-2189, E-ISSN 1750-2799, Vol. 5, no 12, p. 1903-1910Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hypoxia-induced vascular responses, including angiogenesis, vascular remodeling and vascular leakage, significantly contribute to the onset, development and progression of retinopathy. However, until recently there were no appropriate animal disease models recapitulating adult retinopathy available. In this article, we describe protocols that create hypoxia-induced retinopathy in adult zebrafish. Adult fli1: EGFP zebrafish are placed in hypoxic water for 3-10 d and retinal neovascularization is analyzed using confocal microscopy. It usually takes 11 d to obtain conclusive results using the hypoxia-induced retinopathy model in adult zebrafish. This model provides a unique opportunity to study kinetically the development of retinopathy in adult animals using noninvasive protocols and to assess therapeutic efficacy of orally active antiangiogenic drugs.

  • 3.
    Dahl Jensen, Lasse
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Cao, Ziquan
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nakamura, Masaki
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Yang, Yunlong
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Brautigam, Lars
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Andersson, Patrik
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Zhang, Yin
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Wahlberg, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Hosaka, Kayoko
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Cao, Yihai
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Opposing Effects of Circadian Clock Genes Bmal1 and Period2 in Regulation of VEGF-Dependent Angiogenesis in Developing Zebrafish2012In: Cell Reports, E-ISSN 2211-1247, Vol. 2, no 2, p. 231-241Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Molecular mechanisms underlying circadian-regulated physiological processes remain largely unknown. Here, we show that disruption of the circadian clock by both constant exposure to light and genetic manipulation of key genes in zebrafish led to impaired developmental angiogenesis. A bmal1-specific morpholino inhibited developmental angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos without causing obvious nonvascular phenotypes. Conversely, a period2 morpholino accelerated angiogenic vessel growth, suggesting that Bmal1 and Period2 display opposing angiogenic effects. Using a promoter-reporter system consisting of various deleted vegf-promoter mutants, we show that Bmal1 directly binds to and activates the vegf promoter via E-boxes. Additionally, we provide evidence that knockdown of Bmal1 leads to impaired Notch-inhibition-induced vascular sprouting. These results shed mechanistic insight on the role of the circadian clock in regulation of developmental angiogenesis, and our findings may be reasonably extended to other types of physiological or pathological angiogenesis.

  • 4.
    Dahl Jensen, Lasse
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Cardiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Rouhi, Pegah
    Karolinska Institute.
    Cao, Ziquan
    Karolinska Institute.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Wahlberg, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Cao, Yihai
    Karolinska Institute.
    Zebrafish Models to Study Hypoxia-Induced Pathological Angiogenesis in Malignant and Nonmalignant Diseases2011In: Birth Defects Research. Part C: Embryo Today Reviews, ISSN 1542-975X, Vol. 93, no 2, p. 182-193Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most in vivo preclinical disease models are based on mouse and other mammalian systems. However, these rodent-based model systems have considerable limitations to recapitulate clinical situations in human patients. Zebrafish have been widely used to study embryonic development, behavior, tissue regeneration, and genetic defects. Additionally, zebrafish also provides an opportunity to screen chemical compounds that target a specific cell population for drug development. Owing to the availability of various genetically manipulated strains of zebrafish, immune privilege during early embryonic development, transparency of the embryos, and easy and precise setup of hypoxia equipment, we have developed several disease models in both embryonic and adult zebrafish, focusing on studying the role of angiogenesis in pathological settings. These zebrafish disease models are complementary to the existing mouse models, allowing us to study clinically relevant processes in cancer and nonmalignant diseases, which otherwise would be difficult to study in mice. For example, dissemination and invasion of single human or mouse tumor cells from the primary site in association with tumor angiogenesis can be studied under normoxia or hypoxia in zebrafish embryos. Hypoxia-induced retinopathy in the adult zebrafish recapitulates the clinical situation of retinopathy development in diabetic patients or age-related macular degeneration. These zebrafish disease models offer exciting opportunities to understand the mechanisms of disease development, progression, and development of more effective drugs for therapeutic intervention.

  • 5.
    Dahlén, Elsa M
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, General Practice. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Bjarnegård, Niklas
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nyström, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Internal Medicine. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology UHL. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Östgren, Carl Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, General Practice. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in the West of Östergötland, West County Primary Health Care.
    Sagittal Abdominal Diameter is a more Independent Measure compared with Waist Circumference to predict Arterial Stiffness in subjects with Type 2 DiabetesManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The aim of this study was to prospectively explore how laboratory and anthropometric risk factors predicted subclinical organ damage in 255 patients, with type 2 diabetes, after four years.

    Methods: Baseline investigations were performed in 2006 and were repeated at follow-up in 2010. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was evaluated by ultrasonography and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured with applanation tonometry over the carotid and femoral arteries at baseline and at follow-up in a cohort of subjects with type 2 diabetes aged 55-65 years old.

    Results: There were significant correlations between apolipoprotein B (apoB) (r= 0.144, p=0.03), C - reactive protein (CRP) (r=0.172, p=0.009) at baseline and IMT measured at follow-up. After adjustment for sex, age, treatment with statins and Hba1c, the associations remained statistically significant. HbA1c, total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol did not correlate to IMT at follow-up. Baseline body mass index (BMI) (r=0.130, p=0.049), waist circumference (WC) (r=0.147, p=0.027) and sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD) (r=0.184, p=0.007) correlated to PWV at follow-up. Challenged with sex, SBP and HbA1c, the association between SAD, not WC nor BMI, and PWV remained statistically significant (p=0.036). In a stepwise linear regression, entering both SAD and WC, the association between SAD and PWV was stronger than the association between WC and PWV.

    Conclusion: We conclude that apoB and CRP, but not LDL-cholesterol predicted subclinical atherosclerosis. Furthermore, SAD was more independent in predicting arterial stiffness over time, compared with WC, in middle-aged men and women with type 2 diabetes.

  • 6.
    Dahlén, Elsa M
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, General Practice. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiology . Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Engvall, Jan
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Clinical Physiology. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Clinical Physiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lindström, T
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Internal Medicine . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology UHL. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Grodzinsky, Ewa
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, General Practice. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nyström, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Internal Medicine . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology UHL. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Östgren, Carl Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, General Practice. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in the West of Östergötland, West County Primary Health Care.
    Complications Carotid intima-media thickness and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetes2009In: Diabetic Medicine, ISSN 0742-3071, E-ISSN 1464-5491, Vol. 26, no 4, p. 384-390Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: To explore the association between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the apolipoprotein B (apoB)/apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) ratio compared with conventional lipids in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We analysed data from 247 patients with Type 2 diabetes, aged 55-66 years, in the Cardiovascular Risk factors in Patients with Diabetes-a Prospective study in Primary care (CARDIPP-1) study. Primary care nurses measured blood pressure and anthropometric characteristics. Blood samples were taken for laboratory analyses. The carotid IMT was determined by ultrasonography at the University Hospital in Linköping and at the County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden. RESULTS: The ApoB/apoA-I ratio (r = 0.207, P = 0.001), apoB (r = 0.166, P = 0.009) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) (r = 0.129, P = 0.046) correlated with IMT. Conventional lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and systolic blood pressure were not significantly correlated to IMT. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was conducted with IMT as the dependent variable and the apoB/apoA-I ratio, HbA(1c), hsCRP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol, non-HDL-c and treatment with statins as independent variables. Following adjustment for age and gender, only the apoB/apoA-I ratio remained significantly associated with IMT (odds ratio 4.3, 95% confidence intervals 1.7-10.8, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there was a significant association between the apoB/apoA-I ratio and IMT in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetes. The association was independent of conventional lipids, hsCRP, glycaemic control and use of statins.

  • 7.
    Granfeldt, Hans
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Thoracic Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Bansi, Bansi
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Wiklund, Lars
    University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
    Peterzén, Bengt
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Lönn, Urban
    University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Babic, Ankica
    University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ahn, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Risk Factor Analysis of Swedish Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Patients2003In: Annals of Thoracic Surgery, ISSN 0003-4975, E-ISSN 1552-6259, Vol. 76, no 6, p. 1993-1998Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is established as a bridge to heart transplantation. Methods. All Swedish patients on the waiting list for heart transplantation, treated with LVAD since 1993 were retrospectively collected into a database and analyzed in regards to risk factors for mortality and morbidity. Results. Fifty-nine patients (46 men) with a median age of 49 years (range, 14 to 69 years), Higgins score median of 9 (range, 3 to 15), EuroScore median of 10 (range, 5 to 17) were investigated. Dominating diagnoses were dilated cardiomyopathy in 61% (n = 36) and ischemic cardiomyopathy in 18.6% (n = 11). The patients were supported with LVAD for a median time of 99.5 days (range, 1 to 873 days). Forty-five (76%) patients received transplants, and 3 (5.1%) patients were weaned from the device. Eleven patients (18.6%) died during LVAD treatment. Risk factor analysis for mortality before heart transplantation showed significance for a high total amount of autologous blood transfusions (p < 0.001), days on mechanical ventilation postoperatively (p < 0.001), prolonged postoperative intensive care unit stay (p = 0.007), and high central venous pressure 24 hours postoperatively and at the final measurement (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Mortality with LVAD treatment was 18.6% (n = 11). High C-reactive protein (p = 0.001), low mean arterial pressure (p = 0.03), and high cardiac index (p = 0.03) preoperatively were risk factors for development of right ventricular failure during LVAD treatment. Conclusions. The Swedish experience with LVAD as a bridge to heart transplantation was retrospectively collected into a database. This included data from transplant and nontransplant centers. Figures of mortality and morbidity in the database were comparable to international experience. Specific risk factors were difficult to define retrospectively as a result of different protocols for follow-up among participating centers. © 2003 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons.

  • 8.
    Koraen, L.
    et al.
    Kärlkirurgiska Kliniken, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Solna, Sweden, Institutionen för molekylärmedicin och kirurgi, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Wahlberg, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Claudicatio intermittens2010In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 107, no 29-31, p. 1774-1779Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    [No abstract available]

  • 9.
    Li, Wei
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kornmark, Louise
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Pathology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Jonasson, Lena
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Cardiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology.
    Forssell, Claes
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Yuan, Ximing
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Cardiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Cardiology.
    Cathepsin L is significantly associated with apoptosis and plaque destabilization in human atherosclerosis2009In: Atherosclerosis, ISSN 0021-9150, E-ISSN 1879-1484, Vol. 202, no 1, p. 92-102Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Human atherosclerotic lesions overexpress elastolytic and collagenolytic cathepsins with unclear pathological implications. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among expression of cathepsin L. macrophage apoptosis in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, clinical symptoms and plaque severity Of human carotid atheroma.

    Methods and results: Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of human carotid atherosclerotic lesions (n = 49) showed that expression of lysosomal cathepsin L was significantly increased in atherosclerotic plaques with formation of the necrotic core and rupture of the cap. In those Plaques, cathepsin L was associated mainly with CD68-positive macrophages, whereas significant lower levels of smooth muscle cell actin were detected. The expression of cathepsin L in these plaques was also correlated with apoptosis and the stress protein ferritin. Plaques from symptomatic patients showed greater increased levels of cathepsin L than those front asymptomatic patients. Human monocyte-derived macrophages from CAD patients (n = 7) showed significantly higher levels of cathepsin L, cellular lipids and apoptosis versus cells from matched healthy donors (n = 7). 7Beta-hydroxycholesterol significantly enhanced cathepsin L in cells from healthy donors but not in Cells from CAD patients. Moreover. macrophage apoptosis was significantly correlated with expression of cathepsin L in cell nuclei and membranes.

    Conclusion: The results Suggest that cathepsin L is involved in death of macrophages necrotic Core formation and development of atherosclerotic plaque instability. Macrophage lysosomal cathepsin L and related apoptosis may be potential targets for modulation or imaging of vulnerable plaques in human atherosclerosis.

  • 10. Palmer-Kazen, U
    et al.
    Religa, P
    Wahlberg, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Exercise in patients with intermittent claudication elicits signs of inflammation and angiogenesis.2009In: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, ISSN 1078-5884, E-ISSN 1532-2165, Vol. 38, p. 689-696Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives

    Previous studies have demonstrated elevation of systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines after treadmill exercise in patients with intermittent claudication (IC), but it is unknown if growth factor expression also is stimulated. The aim of this study was to assess whether physical exercise-induced ischemia elicits an inflammatory response and increase in local and systemic vascular growth factor expression in patients with IC.

    Methods

    Nineteen patients with IC had plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-alpha, hs-CRP) and vascular growth factors (VEGF and FGF-2) measured before and at four time points after a treadmill exercise test. In 10 patients a gastrocnemius muscle biopsy was obtained to measure VEGF and FGF-2 mRNA. Plasma concentrations of vWF were also measured. Five patients who underwent the treadmill test without experiencing calf pain were enrolled as controls.

    Results

    Plasma concentrations of IL-6 increased after exercise (p = 0.004), while TNF-alpha and hs-CRP were unchanged (p = 0.191 and p = 0.709, respectively). Plasma concentrations of VEGF were similar (p = 0.151) at the different time points after exercise but FGF-2 levels decreased (p = 0.013). In biopsies after treadmill testing VEGF-A mRNA was increased (p = 0.043), but no change was observed for FGF-2 (p = 0.456).

    Conclusion

    Exercise in IC triggers an inflammatory response as exemplified by elevated concentrations of IL-6. After exercise-induced pain, VEGF mRNA in calf muscle is increased. Therefore, it is plausible that angiogenesis is stimulated by exercise in IC.

  • 11.
    Rouhi, Pegah
    et al.
    Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Jensen, Lasse D
    Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Cao, Ziquan
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hosaka, Kayoko
    Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Wahlberg, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Fleng Steffensen, John
    Marine Biological Laboratory, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Helsingor, Denmark.
    Cao, Yihai
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Hypoxia-induced metastasis model in embryonic zebrafish2010In: Nature Protocols, ISSN 1754-2189, E-ISSN 1750-2799, Vol. 5, no 12, p. 1911-1918Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hypoxia facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis by promoting neovascularization and co-option of tumor cells in the peritumoral vasculature, leading to dissemination of tumor cells into the circulation. However, until recently, animal models and imaging technology did not enable monitoring of the early events of tumor cell invasion and dissemination in living animals. We recently developed a zebrafish metastasis model to dissect the detailed events of hypoxia-induced tumor cell invasion and metastasis in association with angiogenesis at the single-cell level. In this model, fluorescent DiI-labeled human or mouse tumor cells are implanted into the perivitelline cavity of 48-h-old zebrafish embryos, which are subsequently placed in hypoxic water for 3 d. Tumor cell invasion, metastasis and pathological angiogenesis are detected under fluorescent microscopy in the living fish. The average experimental time for this model is 7 d. Our protocol offers a remarkable opportunity to study molecular mechanisms of hypoxia-induced cancer metastasis.

  • 12.
    Yuan, Xi-Ming
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Pathology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Osman, Ehab
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Pathology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Miah, Sayem
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Zadeh, Shahram Nour Mohammad
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Pathology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Xu, Lihua
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Pathology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Forssell, Claes
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Vascular surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Li, Wei
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    p53 expression in human carotid atheroma is significantly related to plaque instability and clinical manifestations2010In: Atherosclerosis, ISSN 0021-9150, E-ISSN 1879-1484, Vol. 210, no 2, p. 392-399Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: The expression of p53 has been associated with DNA damage, cell senescence, proliferation and apoptosis in human atherosclerotic plaques. However, it is largely unknown whether p53 expression is related to the stability and clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic plaques in humans. In the present study, we examined whether p53 expression is related to clinical symptoms and plaque integrity in patients with carotid atherosclerosis (n=62). We also investigated p53 expression and its relation to apoptosis and apoptosis-related cathepsin L and ferritin in the carotid lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that smooth muscle cells often had nuclear p53 in the shoulder region of carotid lesions while CD68-positive macrophages, which had both nuclear and cytoplasmic p53, frequently appeared in the surrounding areas of necrotic cores or plaque cap regions. Quantitative image analysis of immunohistochemistry showed that p53 expression was significantly increased in plaques with necrotic core formation or cap rupture and lesions from patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). The levels of p53 expression was significantly increased in more severe stenosed lesions but decreased with prolonged time between symptom onset and carotid endarterectomy. Furthermore, p53 expression was significantly correlated with the expression of ferritin, lysosomal cathepsin L, and apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The increased p53 expression, particularly macrophage p53 levels, is associated with the enlargement of necrotic cores, plaque rupture and clinical manifestations of carotid plaques. Concomitant increases of lysosomal cathepsin, ferritin, and p53 levels may promote the apoptosis and atheroma progression in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.

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