This appendix describes the team decision-making study that was performed using C³Fire. This is an example of what type of study can be performed by using the C³Fire Microworld. It is a compressed version of the work report 'Cooperation & Situation Awareness within and between time scales in Dynamic Decision Making' (Artman 1996c).

 Abstract: Facebook in the Public Sector - qualitative interviewstudy with The Swedish maritime Administration, the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, the Swedish prison and Probation services and the municipality of Katrineholm about their precense on Facebook.

In my bachelor’s thesis I have studied how three government authority and one municipality uses or don’t use Facebook in their communication towards the citizens. I have chosen to study four different cases, to see if there are any significant similarities or differences between how the different services are working with their communication. I have chosen to explore my cases through semi-structured qualitative interviews, where I met communications officers of every organisation face to face.

I have found out that there is not one right way to communicate through Facebook, every organisations decisions must be based on their own mission, aims and objectives. And I have seen that both the transmitter and the receiver need to mature into the new acting of this new channel - Facebook.

This article presents empirically based research on the use of future technology for crisis management. In particular, it sets out to challenge ideas of future technology by contrasting them with examples from current practice with new, high-tech systems in emergency rescue centers and military command and control environments. The following three dichotomies are singled out: to start with, that between commitment and information storage;secondly, that between silence and transparency; and finally, that between mimetic representation and interpretation of representa- tions. Our research points to a contradiction between current system design for crisis management systems and actual work practice. Generally speaking, it is suggested that the information technology is becoming both a burden and a saver.

Vi minns alla hur det var när de nyfrälsta visionärerna ropade halleluja för datorn i skolan samtidigt som andra mullrade om att barn blir feta och aggressiva av att sitta för mycket vid sina apparater. Den vågen är (nästan) förbi idag. I stället håller något mer eftertänksamt och kunnigt på att växa fram. Många är de lärare som insett att påståenden som "när barn sitter vid datorn samarbetar de bättre" eller att "IT kommer att spränga skolan inifrån" inte hjälper dem det minsta i den pedagogiska vardagen. Inte heller finner de svar på sina frågor i böcker och rapporter som behandlar barn och datorer i skolan. Dessa böcker tar inte tag i den nya tekniken så som lärare möter den i skolan. Lärares växande behov kan snarare beskrivas i frågor och påståenden som "men vi måste veta hur det egentligen går till när eleverna lär sig med detta nya verktyg", "hur ska informationstekniken bidra till att utveckla undervisning och lärande?”

The World Wide Web offers almost unrestricted freedom of speech. Consequently, this large marketplace of ideas1 contains all kinds of information inc\uding plagiarism, falsifications, and incorrect data. Sometimes, web information is considered problematic, or even dangerous, because of its possible infiuence on the readers' thoughts and acts, but, "dangerous" information is not necessarily related to issues like pornography, racial hatred, blasphemy or bomb-making. The presence of misleading, unreliable or indefinable information might be a problem that is even more difficult to survey. Since we are expected to collect an increasing amount of information from the World Wide Web, what information can we use and trust?

This study shows that the freedom of the World Wide Web can provide great opportunities for some actors, but it can also mislead the readers. Living History, a serious information campaign, supported by the Swedish government, was plagiarised by an anonymous web actor, True History, which presented confiicting opinions. This plagiarism gave rise to an interesting kind of interaction between these two actors, whose inequality as regards their positions and resources would certainly be more noticeable in other arenas.

The concept hypertextual dialogue is chosen to describe the above interaction. The first part, hypertextual, refers to the structure on the World Wide Web, but also to the intertextuality that unites texts from different sites and makes them intenelated and part of the same discourse - the term hypertext can be used to apply to both the structure and the content. In this study, the latter aspect is focused. The second part of the concept, the dialogue, refers to a definition used by LinelI (1998:9): "any dyadic or polyadic interaction between individuals who are mutually co-present to each other and who interact through language (or some other symbolic means)". A hypertextual dialogue takes place in an arena, like the World Wide Web, where the actors interact more or less deliberately in several ways.

The aim is to identify some kind of hypertextual dialogue between the two sites on the World Wide Web, and to find out,

• how the texts become intenelated and part of the same discourse;
• how the reproduction and recontextualisation of words or text segments cause a change in the meaning of the message;
• how the actors interact and affect one another;
• how the actors describe their own and the other's identities.

The future development of bioethics has been discussed in a number of articles in recent years, principally with regard to the trend towards empirical studies. However, what is meant by empirical studies in this context and how it is to be used concretely have been subject to varying interpretations. The purpose of this article is to develop what we term the microethical approach as a concrete method for an empirically driven bioethics. By adopting a microethical perspective, we will illustrate an analytical concept for describing and demonstrating how, as a result of contextual circumstances and forms of understanding, different individuals in their everyday life adopt different coping strategies and behavior patterns in relation to ethical values. From a deepened perspective, the complexity of human behavior becomes apparent, and knowledge is gained about how moral problems are perceived and construed by those whom they in fact affect.

We intend first and foremost to develop the microethical methodology by elucidating the methods and approaches that can help in clarifying moral dilemmas on a microethical level, and how the relationship between the empirical material and the ethical analysis evolves over the course of the analysis. This is exemplified by a study of caregivers’ entrance into patients’ private lives through the provision of care and assistance in the home.

Antologi. Sexton humanister om makten, medierna och medborgarkompetenser Medverkar gör bl a Lars-Eric Liedman, Viveca Adelswärd, Lars Ingelstam, Anders Björnsson och Peter Luthersson.

Using Conversation Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis, this study describe and analyze recurrent discursive patterns and strategies in Swedish TV-debate programs (consisting of both official representatives and representatives of the general public). The aim of the study is to discuss the democratic potential of these programs, based on the resultsfrom the discourse analysis.

The data consist of a sample of regular debate or-. discussion programs from Swedish TV channels, ranging from 1997-1999. The programs analyzed are: Svar Direkt and Nattöppet (both broadcast in Swedish public service) and Svart eller Vitt (broadcast in the commercial channel TV 4). From a larger corpus (including 53 issues) that has been used for overarching and comparative analysis, a smaller number of issues ( 16) have been selected for transcription and closer analysis.

The analysis shows that the producers (mainly the hosts) to a large extent control interaction. The guests have small possibilities to influence the interaction. Further, the analysis demonstrate that all issues build on a certain compositional structure and consist of a few different phases or segments. Schematically these recurrent segments could be described as follows. Introductions: a) Headline, b) The topic (problem) is introducedby the host. Exchange of views: c) The existence of the problem is exemplified by a victim, d) The existence of the problem is verified by an expert, e) The problem is debated by people with different opinions, f) Responsible people defend against criticism. Wrapping up: g) The problem is reintroduced by the host, h) The issue (topic) ends.

While the democratic potential of the TV-debates analyzed is considered poor, it is suggested that the genre of discussion programs have democratic potential, especially if viewed as the expression of divergent voices on societal issues rather than as providing an arena for free rational discussion.

  During the 20th century, the interview has evolved in such a way that it has become the dominating form for talk and text production in the mass media (i.e. in newspapers, radio, television). This book introduces the Interview Society as an innovative, provocative and challenging concept to understand the construction of news, the use of language, and the power of journalism in contemporary media society. It focuses on the journalistic interview and on the techniques for the representation of utterances, talk and conversation, and combines theories of the public sphere, news journalism, and the interview as a form of interaction. It relates discursive techniques on a micro level to institutional and cultural condi­tions on a macro level, with regard to journalism and the media public sphere, and takes a historically point of departure with the intention of pinning down important tendencies in the development of modern journalism during the 20th century. Without being nation-specific, it presents findings from a number of empirical studies from five different countries and various genres. The book is structured in relation to four main themes: (1) Historical perspectives, (2) Practices of inter­viewing and institutionalised interaction, (3) Quoting and editing, (4) New arenas and new forms of interaction.