Att bibliotekens uppgifter kan skifta eller ändra fokus, så att?arbetsformer förändras och bibliotekariers roller därigenom?omformas, är varken nytt eller konstigt. Så har det alltid varit.?En av de nya rollerna för bibliotekarier som blivit vanligare?på senare år är utvecklings- och producentrollen. Ta del av ett?samtal om hur verksamheten med att skapa forskningsutställningar har utvecklats på Linköpings universitetsbibliotek.

In 2003 Lloyd [1] noted that there ought to be a shift in thinking by librarians and that this requires librarians to develop partnerships with workplace communities so as to understand the role that information plays in the knowledge economy. Furthermore she stated that it was necessary to develop a new language that is relevant to workplace communities and a language that ties information literacy instruction to authentic situations in the workplace. So how can we as librarians prepare students to engage in the variety of information activities that constitute workplace practice today and how can we better tailor our information literacy instruction to meet those needs in the future? One answer could be to gain an understanding on how information competencies are recognized in workplace settings and what kind of information competencies that employers seek. In this pilot study we address the following questions: Does the concept of information literacy or similar appear in British/American and Swedish job ads? What kind of qualifications are most frequent asked for in job postings? What kind of information skills do employers really look for and how does this match with the skills newly recruits have?

För dagens forskare är synlighet av avgörande betydelse och ett viktigt led i detta är att ens publikationer ska vinna spridning och vara tillgängliga för en så stor läsekrets som möjligt. Som ett av de första i sitt slag i världen startades 1996 Linköping University Electronic Press (LiU E-Press) med syftet att tillgodose Linköpings universitets behov av elektronisk publicering och för att tillhandhålla stöd och service till forskare och studenter om LiU:s publiceringsstrategi. Förlaget är sedan 2004 knutet till Linköpings universitetsbibliotek (LiUB).

Ambitionen med detta kapitel är att i stora drag skildra förlagets tillkomst, personal, de tjänster och resurser som förlaget erbjuder och inte minst den process som LiU E-Press gått igenom alltsedan det grundades 1996. Framställningen gör inte anspråk på att vara vetenskaplig eller heltäckande.

Delar av materialet till bokkapitlet "Linköping University Electronic Press: ett icke-kommersiellt open access-förlag" bygger på min intervju med Professor Erik Sandewall och förste bibliotekarie Liselotte Thornell. Detta dataset innehåller intervjun som ägde rum på Linköpings universitet den 3 september 2014.

This essay should be read as a guide for researchers or prospective editors, how to best organise and launch a scholarly open access journal from idea to publication of the first volume and issue. The essay addresses various subjects important for the publishing and provides suggestions and explanations of various available services, tools, resources, organisations or other stakeholders which can be very useful when working with the new journal. The essay does not claim to be comprehensive in the subject but should be seen as a well-prepared manual mainly based on my own experiences as a former editor at Linköping University Electronic Press (LiU E-Press), where I assisted and supported researchers launching a number of open access journals hosted by LiU E-Press and publishing journal articles. The writing is mainly aimed at a Swedish audience but of course works for other countries as well. 

Vid mötet i Bålsta 2006-12-07 beslutades att tillsätta en arbetsgrupp med uppgift att se över de externa webbsidorna. Gruppen ska 2006-01-31 lägga fram förslag till sidstruktur och innehåll som ska ligga till grund för utvecklingen av DiVA2. Under arbetet har tre möten ägt rum: 2006-11-22, 2006-12-08, 2007-01-23 samt ett gemensamt möte med arbetsgruppen för registrering2007-02-09.

Utifrån de angivna direktiven har arbetsgruppen diskuterat och sammanställd kraven som vi anser är nödvändiga för ett fullgott publiceringssystem som uppfyller de krav och behov som finns idag vid de anslutna lärosätena.

Text skriven med kursiv stil är direktiven till arbetsgruppen. Arbetsgruppens kommentarer är skrivna direkt under i normal stil.

Syfte

Arbetsgruppen skall samla in synpunkter och önskemål från DiVA-konsortiets medlemmar angående de externa lokala webbsidornas innehåll och struktur i DiVA2.

I samband med universitetets utredning Universitetets informationsförsörjning tillsattes resursgrupper. En av dessa grupper var tekniska gruppen som fick i uppgift att se över vilka publiceringssystem som finns.

Gruppen har undersökt vilka publiceringsplattformar tillgängliga för elektronisk publicering av vetenskapliga publikationer som kan vara intressanta för E-press. Inom gruppen har diskussioner förts kring de olika plattformarna.

Vid studiebesök och egna tester framstår för närvarande DiVA som det mest genomarbetade systemet för elektronisk publicering. Vi får ett helt igenom färdigt publiceringssystem som går att använda efter några justeringar för att anpassa det till våra behov.

Både EPrints och DSpace bör utvärderas mer. I synnerhet DSpace som inte ännu används i Sverige. Eventuellt kommer både DSpace och EPrints att installeras och utvärderas närmare under hösten 2003.

Entering at a Master’s level means that the student will encounter a level that is more intellectually demanding and more challenging than before. They need to use information sources in various ways and at this stage it is important that they access research and theory-based literature. A primary sign of quality in good research is that it is founded on well proven sources of theory and previous research, and that it utilizes the proper technique of referencing. In order for the students to acquire sufficient search skills, including how to cite and refer, the library offers information literacy training that is timed to happen at the point of need. This requires that they master the research process being able to pose questions and seek answers, to use and apply techniques and research skills, to analyse data, to review literature and write up results in an academic format appropriate to the discipline. According to Carlson (2006, p15), as student’s progress academically, sources cited should demonstrate students' "growing sophistication and ability to think critically in their chosen discipline." But is this really the case? One way to get a sense of this process is to look at what types of sources the graduate students cite in their theses. This study used citation analysis in order to “mine” reference lists obtained from master theses for assessment purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate what kind of information sources master students use in their theses and the author studied the citation patterns in 36 Master's theses.A total of 2173 references were checked and out of them were 886 (40,7%) journal articles. The students used 479 different journals and 378 of them were peer reviewed. 380 (79,3%) journals were kept by the library. 175 (54,6%) book or book chapters were kept by the library out of the 320 used by the students. They also used other sources such as reports of different kind (11,4%), Web pages (0,6%), Grey literature (0,6%) and conference papers (0,2%) to mention a few. Students used 60 references as an average in their theses.Although the accuracy of the citations was beyond the scope of this study, the author noticed a number of problems such as incomplete citations, inconsistent journal title abbreviations and inconsistent use of citation style formats. The author carried out bibliographic searches in order to rectify any incorrect or incomplete citations and this required extra work to correct, but was also indication that we might alter our information literacy training and emphasise more on citing and referencing.Findings indicate that these graduate students surprisingly seems to prefer scholarly journal articles and books or book chapters. The author had anticipated another picture with more references to the Web. This pilot project provided new and important information about the use of collections by master students. The authors learned that the library’s journal coverage is good enough but that the monographic coverage is somewhat less complete. The author will continue to do another study with new theses from 2013-2014 in order to investigate if our new emphasis on citing and referencing had any impact on the inconsistencies that have been seen in the first study and also if the same pattern of information sources used by earlier students occur.References:[1] Carlson, J. (2006), An examination of undergraduate student citation behavior, The Journal of Academic Librarianship 32(1):14-22.

Radioföredrag i serien Värt att veta, P1 24 mars 1991.

There is a "new" trend for us librarians to "articulate our value" such as suggested in Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Value of Academic Libraries initiative [1]. Librarians need to believe that their own distinct contributions have value. As librarians we gather a lot of data but that is not enough anymore. We need to communicate our findings! Although writing for publication is an expected part of the role of faculty staff in most universities but almost no such recognition of the librarian as an academic writer exists.

CeBIT startade sin verksamhet den 1 april 2000 som en enhet inom Linköpings universitetsbibliotek (LiUB). Agneta Lantz, Christina Brage och Tommy Carlberg var de som planerade den kommande verksamheten. Agneta kom sedan att bli föreståndare för CeBIT. Under åren som gick växte verksamheten och fick ett positivt gensvar både från studenter och från lärarhåll. Centrets övergripande målsättning var att fungera som ett samlande organ för LiUB:s pedagogiska verksamhet och som en spjutspets för pedagogisk förnyelse och utveckling. Man verkade för att utveckla den egna bibliotekarieprofessionen och förbättra informationskompetensen hos bibliotekets användare. Då kompetensförsörjning troligen är den viktigaste frågan för att säkra kvalitet i en organisation måste det finnas utvecklingsmöjligheter i arbetet för personalen, vilket i högsta grad var ett ledord för CeBIT.

Under uppbyggnadsfasen lades krafterna framför allt på att utveckla och genomföra poänggivande kurser, dels inom programmet för Informations- och medievetenskap (IMV), dels fristående. I CeBIT fanns en viktig resurs i arbetet med att höja beredskapen för det livslånga lärandet. Arbetet med att höja studenternas informationskompetens innebar en breddad pedagogisk uppgift för universitetsbiblioteket, vilket i sin tur ställde högre krav på bibliotekariernas pedagogiska kompetens. Detta gällde i alla planerade och oplanerade möten med bibliotekets användare i informations- och lånediskar, per telefon och via e-post liksom i den regelrätta undervisningen i informationssökning. CeBIT kom att kombinera två områden av stort intresse för bibliotekarier – pedagogik och informationskompetens.

Vid universitet och högskolor förväntas studenterna utveckla förmågor och förhållningssätt som är anpassade till vad som kommer att krävas av dem i ett framtida yrkesliv. De studerande ska tillägna sig förmågan att lära av nya erfarenheter och möta olika situationer i livet utanför universitetet. Att förbereda för det okända och oväntade gäller som mål även för bibliotekets undervisning. Ett centralt inslag i denna förmåga är det vi idag kallar för ”informationskompetens”.

Begreppet har genom åren diskuterats flitigt och fått olika definitioner. Men oavsett dess innebörd är det något som vi bibliotekarier måste ta ställning till i vårt yrkesverksamma liv. I likhet med de flesta andra begrepp har informationskompetens inte fötts utan en förhistoria. Det är delar av denna historia som jag vill diskutera i detta avsnitt. Nedan följer några nedslag i användarundervisningens historia och den litteratur som fungerat som inspirationskälla vid Linköpings universitetsbibliotek (LiUB). Framför oss har vi en resa via begrepp som bok- och bibliotekskunskap, biblioteksorientering, informationssökning, informationshantering, låntagarundervisning och användarundervisning.

Radioföredrag i serien Värt att veta, P1 24 nov 1991.

Information literacy seen from a historic and current perspective. In this paper I will discuss some important milestones in the growth of the concept Information Literacy. In the early years the debate and research were concentrated on information behaviour, information seeking and information use but in the middle of the 1980s, when the Information Literacy Movement started, the perspective changed and the discussions circled more about process, lifelong learning and different literacies.

I augusti 1984 flyttade jag ned till Temainstitutionen förlagd till den gamla linnefabriken på Platensgatan 26 där tidigare humanistiska biblioteket hade huserat. Innan dess var jag föreståndare för det ekonomiska biblioteket (KA), numera i salig åminnelse, och före det ansvarig för fjärrlån. Vid den tiden var Tema Teknik och social förändring (Tema T) samt Tema Vatten i natur och samhälle (Tema V), Tema Kommunikation (Tema K) och Tema Hälsa (Tema H) redan etablerade, vilka kom att följas av Tema Barn (Tema B). År 1987 gick flytten upp till Campus Valla och där kom ytterligare två teman att etableras: Tema Genus och Tema Mat (Tema M). På senare år har ytterligare två teman tillkommit: Tema Etnicitet med placering i Norrköping samt Tema Kulturarv och kulturproduktion med delad placering i Linköping och Norrköping. Av olika anledningar har Tema H och Tema M upphört.

Under åren som passerat har jag varit bibliotekarie för nästan samtliga teman i olika omgångar. Som Tema-bibliotekarie har jag haft möjligheten att på nära håll följa forskningens eller rättare sagt forskares vedermödor och glädjeämnen. Tvärvetenskap är och har alltid varit ett centralt begrepp och kännetecken för institutionen ända sedan dess start i början på 80-talet. De ämnesområden som fanns företrädda inom de teman jag jobbat med var allt ifrån ren naturvetenskap till humaniora. Detta innebar naturligtvis att någon ämnesexpert kunde jag inte vara. Mitt sista uppdrag var att fungera som bibliotekarie för Tema Vatten i natur och samhälle, som numer bytt namn till Tema Miljöförändring.

I denna skrift behandlas Göta- och Trollhätte kanal, två kanaler som genom historien följt varandra och som har många beröringspunkter. Vidare kan man här återfinna referenser som anknyter till kanalerna på ett eller annat sätt t ex Motala mekaniska verkstad. Referenserna har hämtats alltifrån vetenskapliga arbeten till skönlitterära verk. Veckopressen har bidraget med en ansenlig mängd referenser.

Bibliografin har inte ambitionen att vara fullständig men täcker en ganska stor del av den svenska produktionen om de båda kanalerna. Tanken är att bibliografin skall kunna fyllas på med nytt material och gammalt som inte redan hunnit förtecknats. Förutom den svenska utgivningen så återfinns här referenser på de mest förekommande språken i Europa även om engelskan är mest framträdande. Referenserna är återgivna i original vilket innebär att de tidiga bidragens eventuella stavfel finns kvar.

Referenserna är i den första delen kronologiskt ordnade efter författare i alfabetisk följd samt publikationstyp. Inom varje år kommer monografierna först och därefter tidskriftsartiklar. Efter denna del följer ett avsnitt med dagstidningsartiklar likaså de ordnade kronologiskt och alfabetiskt men här efter tidningens namn.

Insamlandet av detta material har skett med hjälp av litteratursökningar i online-databaser, tryckta källor, kryptobibliografier, referenslistor, Internet mm.

Dagstidningsartiklarna har erhållets via traditionella litteratursökningar men också via Göta Kanalbolagets pressklippssamling och sist men inte minst från Håkan Hultkrantz gedigna samlande.

We will present a newly established course where academic librarians teach current teachers to become school librarians. Emphasis will be placed on issues like how to teach information literacy in a school setting; how to use social media; how to instill a more scientific attitude among school librarians (according to the new Education Act of Sweden) and to discuss new emerging roles for school librarians.

The new Education Act of Sweden states that all pupils, regardless of whether they attend a municipal or independent school, are to have access to a school library. This is a significant political statement regarding the importance of libraries as a teaching resource and also every child’s equal right to have one. But much criticism, from several actors, points out the fact that the text of the act is entirely lacking in information regarding staffing. It is up to the individual principal to decide how many people shall work with the library as a teaching resource and also what kind of qualifications the individual needs as a modern school librarian. No extra funds have been assigned for this purpose; rather the work shall be carried out within the framework of the standard budget.

Today two thirds of Sweden’s 6078 grammar and upper secondary schools have a library of their own, or a shared or integrated school library that is open to students and is staffed at least one hour per week. But, still over 200,000 pupils do not have access to a school library!Schools are responsible for ensuring that every pupil is able to use modern technology as a tool in searching for information, communication, and learning. Librarians are therefore being given more and more responsibility as information technology advances and they must keep up to date on the latest research techniques and digital equipment. They must be equipped with high levels of IT skills to in order to be able to maximize the use of technology for accessing and disseminating information.

This means that the role of school librarians will be increasingly focused around the use of digital content in the classroom together with traditional reading comprehension. Today in Sweden current teachers wishing to become school librarians doesn’t need to take any library/information science classes to be licensed as a school librarian. This is deplorable since some of them are totally unaware of, for instance, the concept of information literacy. That means that they lack the knowledge and the pedagogy used in library and information sciences. In order to somewhat rectify this situation we offered a course of 7,5 credits to a couple of municipalities in Sweden. In one of the municipalities the goal is to have a trained librarian at every school. The course consists of different modules such as Knowledge Organization, Critical Thinking Skills, Open Educational Resources, Research Techniques and Academic Writing. Over 50 teachers applied and in January this year we examined the first ones. We would like to share our experiences and discuss further improvement of our course.

This paper explores participant perceptions of the impact of a Peer Observation of Teaching scheme offered to teaching librarians at Linköping University library.Information literacy sessions or support are offered to almost all students in all courses at Linköping University. Instructional duties have become a common expectation for librarians working in academic libraries. As a teaching librarian you normally divide your time between reference services, collection development and information literacy instruction. But without little formal training in the teaching role you can become very insecure. It’s not uncommon that you feel left alone especially in the support of continuing professional development. Therefore it’s necessary for academic librarians to talk and reflect about their teaching. Peer observation through critical friends is one way to demonstrate that we are reflecting on the quality of our teaching, learning and assessment practices. The relationship between critical friends is one that encourages and cultivates constructive critique. But it’s important that the main conditions exists, besides the obvious trust and commitment, namely to have knowledge of the context of the teaching environment. The librarians at Linköping University teach the “same” students and face the same challenges.In preparation for the introduction of a peer observation of teaching scheme, a seminar was offered to staff. Our hope was that the librarians involved could see that this initiative could lead to professional development that improves both teaching practices and hopefully also student performance. Many senior librarians are themselves, experienced, effective teachers and therefore, they were likely to be competent observers of various aspects of the teaching conducted at the library. The librarian requesting observation met the observing librarian to discuss the objectives of the observation. A limited number of focused objectives was chosen that could address specific items on which the librarian desired feedback. The observing librarian attended the library session and took notes on the session with the objectives in mind.We assessed the effort by using two types of data collection tools, a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The latter were used to add depth and quality of the data collected in the questionnaire. Information was collected from all participants. The questionnaire consisted of closed questions to gain relevant factual data. A pilot questionnaire was answered and assessed by two critical friends ensuring that the questions were clear and valid. The preliminary results indicated that most of the participants were satisfied with the possibility to be able to self-reflect on how this process positively can impact their teaching skills. The peer observation process seemed to provide both the observee and the observer with the opportunity to mutually enhance the quality of their teaching practice. It also provided an opportunity to disseminate good practice amongst colleagues by sharing thoughts on teaching practice and supporting each other’s development of teaching skills.This process was not about getting everyone to teach in the same way, it was about helping individuals to reflect on and evaluate their own approach to teaching. It was expected that both parties in the observation would benefit from the discussions arising.

In this article we present a survey conducted during the fall of 2007. We interviewed 700 undergraduate students about their information- seeking behaviour. We found that the Internet, especially Google, plays a major role for the majority of the students and that they tend to select resources based on accessibility, ease of use and convenience. We also found that there are differences in the use of information sources depending on how long the students have been studying. We also found that stringent course requirements from faculty and staff affected the students’ information behaviour. The results provide an insight into the factors that influence students’ information–seekingbehaviour and the information sources used.

The aim of this article is to review the need for a re-conceptualisation of Information Literacy in accordance with the development of new social media contexts. A review of the literature indicates that there is a need to take the concept Transliteracy into consideration. Some major challenges like the new information world, digital risky behaviours, democratic challenges and educational challenges will be discussed.

In 2006 we developed and presented the first version of a model called Applied Information Literacy. The aim of the model was to embed information literacy into research and writing instruction sessions. We tested the model in our information literacy curricula for a couple of years and found it to be too linear. In addition, the information landscape has changed as various forms of social media have become strong players in students’ everyday information world. Therefore there was a need for us to change and simplify our original model, which we present and discuss. According to the students it seems to work well since the new model contributes to their holistic learning resulting in better academic work.

University students nowadays have become accustomed to digital resources provided by the academic library. But this normally ends after graduation when they enter the workforce and when they no longer have access to full text journals, research databases and other reference tools. Former students wish to rely upon the same resources they were using during their student days, resources that now are out of reach due to restricted access. To add to this problematic situation there is recognition in the literature that businesses must employ workers who know how to deal with information and use it for both personal and work success. But working life have different information practices for locating information that require a different set of standards for evaluating and effective use of information.

In this paper we discuss the importance of faculty – librarians working together for the inclusion of information literacy into curriculum in order to prepare students for academic success and future working life.

Information literacy, the ability to identify, assess, retrieve, evaluate, adapt, organize and communicate information within an iterative context of review and reflection, has been recognized as a critical competency both at universities and in professional work. In higher education information literacy instruction is now being integrated into the academic curriculum and is also now being assessed like other subjects. This paper summarize and discuss how information literacy skills are assessed by librarians and faculty together in two different educational programs at Linköping University and the outcomes of such efforts. The similarities between the two programs, although different approaches, is the importance of tying information literacy assessment methods to leaning outcomes and to prepare students for future professional life.

Information literacy has been recognized as a critical competency both at universities and in professional work. In universities information literacy instruction are now being integrated into the academic curriculum and also now being assessed. This paper summarizes how information literacy skills are assessed by librarians and faculty together at two different departments at Linköping University.

Covid-19 ändrade förutsättningarna för biblioteket och dess användare. Linköpings Universitetsbibliotek (LiUB) ställde med kort framförhållning om sin verksamhet till distansläge, vilket innebar att erbjuda service, information och stöd så digitalt som möjligt. Öppettiderna reducerades kraftigt, förutsättningarna för att låna och komma åt fysiskt material ändrades, handledning och undervisning ställdes om till digitala lösningar. 

Tidigt diskuterades att vi ska tillvara det som är bra ur distansläget, lära oss och att framtiden blir en ny typ av normalläge. I en verksamhet med användarcentrerade metoder/ User experience (UX) som en central inriktning var det självklart att involvera användarna i utvärdering, utveckling och dra lärdomar.

LiUB consists of five libraries located at four campuses in three cities: Linkoping, Norrkoping and Stockholm. Four of them, located in Linkoping and Norrkoping, were involved in the process. During the years, there has been extensively book transports between different libraries. Sought after books were sent to the requested library, and then sent back to the owning library when returned. In December 2010 Linkoping University Library (LiUB) started to test Floating Collections as a new way of working with the collections. The test was coordinated with the implementation and change to Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), and every time a new bought book appeared or when a book was transformed into the DDC-collection the floating collection grew. Floating Collections means that a book doesn‘t belong to a certain library. It is shelved where it is returned and therefore it will stay where it is in most demand.

The placement of books will be user-driven and the sharing of books leads to reduced handling and therefore less wear and tear on items, and also a more economic acquisition method. The reduced handling is connected to reduced number of books in transport when the former routine of sending books back to an owning library is removed. In this case study we have looked at the complete implementation process; from the first discussion, the test-start, the evaluation of the method which includes a staff survey, and finally the Boards decision that Floating Collection will be a permanent way to work with the collections at LiUB. The methodological approach mimics YinΒ‘s (2009) case study model. We also compared LiUB‘s implementation with other libraries experiences in implementing Floating Collection, and to Library 2.0 (Casey & Savastinuk, 2007), as the user needs will decide where the books are shelved. Further, the study is connected to factors that affects the realignment in changing processes and resembles Kotter (1996) and Nutefall‘s and Chadwell‘s (2012) factors for successful realignment.

The study revealed that staff concerns and other experiences relating to Floating Collection at LiUB are similar to other libraries. A main issue for staff on the negative side is weeding routines, but on the positive side you will find advantages like more user-driven collection, a reduced number of books in transport and a reduced number of purchased items. Some of the negative effects that is expressed in the survey is probably depending on the transformation into DDC and not due to Floating Collection. An example is that the possibility to browse is lost, which is more likely due to DDC, since DDC categorize the topics in a very different way than the former classification system (SAB).

Diskussion om vad digital humaniora (DH) betyder för biblioteken. Hur påverkar det den kompetens och infrastruktur som behövs för att stödja forskning och utbildning inom DH. Vad det kan få för konsekvenser för hur man organiserar arbetet.

Introduction. Digitisation of information and methods has brought new possibilities and challenges into all aspects of society and a direction of continued advances is readily apparent in strategic initiatives all the way from European and national funding to directives at individual academic institutions in Sweden. Resources that used to be available only in physical archives are becoming more freely accessible on the internet, far beyond the walls of the library, and in formats that can be read and interpreted by apps and algorithms.

Nine years ago, digital humanities (DH) was described as “the next big thing” and the concept has later been compared to an allegory of the future of the humanities (Liu, 2012). Today library employees encounter the term in their interactions with education and research alike. The process of understanding and framing the challenges and possibilities that DH has brought into the library has been a topic in parallel initiatives at Linköping University Library and at Uppsala University Library.

Questions. The purpose of this paper is to draw on the experience of academic libraries to frame the challenges and possibilities of supporting DH in a Nordic context. The paper aims to answer to the following questions from a Nordic academic library perspective:

• How do we understand to the notion of DH in the library?
• How do we (re)organise to support researchers and students in DH?

Background. Burdick (2012) writes that DH has encouraged new ways of conducting research in the humanities and that a possible effect is that traditional boundaries start to blur as collaborations between disciplines form. And the exploding wealth of computers, mobile devices and new communication channels enables global knowledge creation and sharing (Nyberg et al, 2012). As a consequence, the intersection of digital methods, technology and humanities can expand and enhance humanities research with increased accessibility both within and beyond the academic context (Burdick, 2012). Drucker et.al. (2013) and Raffaghelli et.al. (2013) describes DH as a mix of humanities and digital technology. Svensson (2010) define a Centre for Digital Humanities as the place or event where new knowledge is created in the humanities, with digital methods, media and technology. The idea of a place for DH has since been realised in Swedish universities e.g. in Umeå (Humlab) and Lund (Humanities Lab), and the idea of a DH lab is a recognised idea of how DH can be executed.

Within the library context, the characteristics of the sources and data formats that researchers in the humanities are working with are changing and it is possible to study significantly larger collections of pictures and texts than before (Liu, 2012). The fact that DH is a complex notion and that the conditions are quickly changing with new technology means that libraries have to develop readiness to meet the needs of today as well as those of tomorrow (Sula, 2013).

Svensson (2010) describes the library as a form of laboratory for humanities research and that knowledge in building collections, information science and IT make libraries a natural and important infrastructure for DH. Zhang et al (2015) studied how information experts can contribute in DH projects and underline the importance of expertise in storage and access, publishing, search, training and innovation. Green (2014) conducted case studies involving five libraries in the USA and show that a close collaboration with the library is necessary to optimise the research process. Wong (2016) stresses the strength in gathering experts and specialists from different fields as a part of bringing DH to its full potential.

Approach. This paper stems from the experience of practitioners who have been involved in efforts to organise support for DH at two academic libraries in Sweden. The discussion and conclusions are supported by the results of

• conducting lightly structured interviews, semi-structured observations and document analysis at libraries in the Sweden, Denmark, and the USA
• surveying how libraries in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland describe their work related to DH
• designing and evaluating DH-related activities for students and researchers at Uppsala University Library

The results are interpreted with a life-cycle perspective on research and education and focus on organisation, actors, activities, services, tools and spaces.

Findings. We confirm that Sula’s (2013) description of DH as a complex notion is valid in the Nordic academic library context as the results show that different people attribute the term with different meanings. There were libraries labelling themselves as not actively supporting DH, while at the same time describing activities that could just as well indicate that they are indeed active. We suggest that it may be useful for libraries to focus on emerging needs in relation to digital sources and methods, interdisciplinary research support, and new media for scholarly communications.

The result also showed that the surveyed Nordic academic libraries were at an early stage of organising work to support DH and predominantly positioned their activities as collaborations with researchers or participation in networks. Contrasting with the results from academic libraries where DH practices are already well established, we suggest that Nordic libraries can organise to support DH by

• Positioning staff/services close to active research and education with elements of DH
• Framing DH activities in the context of today’s goals and responsibilities
• Engaging staff with technical skills, subject expertise and a learning mindset (Lewis et al, 2015) in DH projects, labs and events
• Creating digital and physical spaces to support DH tools and practices
• Adopting and sharing practices and expertise with other libraries and academic infrastructures

Education programmes are often built on assumptions of monolingualism, despite the fact of – and the cognitive and social benefits of – childhood multilingualism. Jacob Cromdal and Kirsten Stoewer encourage us to recalibrate our understanding of childhood multilingualism, by moving away from a monolingual bias in our understanding of language development, to accommodate the interactional competence displayed and deployed by children when drawing on more than one language. The chapter demonstrates how language alternation (shifting between languages) for specific purposes is a common social practice and can be harnessed for learning interactions with children.

Tillgång till information i dess skilda former utgör en grundläggande och nödvändig förutsättning för universitetets verksamhet, för utbildningen och för forskningen. Utvecklingen på IT-området resulterar efterhand i nya vägar för att söka och finna information i växande mängder. Jämsides med detta pågår en förändring på utbildningsområdet, varmed tyngdpunkten förskjuts från undervisning till lärande och i ett livslångt perspektiv. För att förädla det s.k. informationssamhället till Kunskapssamhälle krävs god förmåga att finna, värdera och bearbeta information, vetenskaplig och annan. Vikten därav för vetenskaplig kunskapsutveckling, för problemlösning och kvalificerat beslutsfattande blir alltmer uppenbar.

Utifrån utvecklingstendenser som dessa tillsatte rektor vid Linköpings universitet en särskild utredning i mars 2002. Den fick uppgiften att lämna förslag i syfte att öka ”studenternas och de anställdas möjligheter att ta tillvara och i universitetets verksamhet på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt nyttiggöra den moderna informationsteknikens potential för spridning av och sökande efter kunskap.” I sammanhanget riktades särskilt intresse mot universitetsbiblioteket som en pedagogisk resurs inom universitetet. Vidare efterfrågades en analys av formerna för finansiering och strategisk ledning av vetenskaplig informationsförsörjning vid Linköpings universitet.

Strategiska vägval innehåller den slutförda utredningens fyra delstudier: Informationsförsörjning och pedagogisk utveckling, Mediemarknadens utmaningar, Elektronisk publicering vid Linköpings universitet samt Organisation och finansiering av biblioteksverksamheten vid Linköpings universitet.

Tillgång till information i dess skilda former utgör en grundläggande och nödvändig förutsättning för universitetets verksamhet, för utbildningen och för forskningen. Utvecklingen på IT-området resulterar efterhand i nya vägar för att söka och finna information i växande mängder. Jämsides med detta pågår en förändring på utbildningsområdet, varmed tyngdpunkten förskjuts från undervisning till lärande och i ett livslångt perspektiv. För att förädla det s.k. informationssamhället till Kunskapssamhälle krävs god förmåga att finna, värdera och bearbeta information, vetenskaplig och annan. Vikten därav för vetenskaplig kunskapsutveckling, för problemlösning och kvalificerat beslutsfattande blir alltmer uppenbar.

Utifrån utvecklingstendenser som dessa tillsatte rektor vid Linköpings universitet en särskild utredning i mars 2002. Den fick uppgiften att lämna förslag i syfte att öka ”studenternas och de anställdas möjligheter att ta tillvara och i universitetets verksamhet på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt nyttiggöra den moderna informationsteknikens potential för spridning av och sökande efter kunskap.” I sammanhanget riktades särskilt intresse mot universitetsbiblioteket som en pedagogisk resurs inom universitetet. Vidare efterfrågades en analys av formerna för finansiering och strategisk ledning av vetenskaplig informationsförsörjning vid Linköpings universitet.

Strategiska vägval innehåller den slutförda utredningens fyra delstudier: Informationsförsörjning och pedagogisk utveckling, Mediemarknadens utmaningar, Elektronisk publicering vid Linköpings universitet samt Organisation och finansiering av biblioteksverksamheten vid Linköpings universitet.

Under senare år har innovation lyfts fram som en strategisk fråga för kommuner och andra organisationer inom den offentliga sektorn. På både nationell och kommunal nivå konstateras att samtida och framtida samhälls- och välfärdsutmaningar inte kan hanteras och lösas på samma sätt som tidigare. Det behövs nya lösningar. Dessutom finns förhoppningar om att innovationsarbete ska kunna bidra till att höja effektiviteten och kvaliteten i offentlig sektor.

I rapporten undersöks vad som händer när den kommunstrategiska frågan ”innovation” landar på verksamhetsnivå hos kommunala chefer, och hur dessa hanterar och bemöter utmaningen att balansera samtidiga verksamhetskrav på stabil och effektiv produktion av välfärdstjänster, samt utvecklingsinriktat innovationsarbete. Syftet är att bidra till en ökad förståelse för de organisatoriska förutsättningar kommunala chefer har att leda för innovation. Sammanlagt 34 kommunala chefer har intervjuats om hur de uppfattar innovation, deras egen roll som chefer i innovationsarbetet, samt de organisatoriska förutsättningarna för att leda för innovation.

Resultaten visar att cheferna uppfattar att det är:

• svårt att veta vad innovation innebär i ett kommunalt sammanhang

• viktigt att skapa strukturella och kulturella grundförutsättningar för innovation

• en utmaning att få utrymme för arbetet med utvecklingsfrågor Det framstår som att cheferna lämnas att själva fylla begreppet innovation med betydelse. Det finns inte någon gemensam definition eller förståelse som cheferna lutar sig mot, vilket kan skapa otydligheter kring vad chefen egentligen ska leda när chefen ska leda för innovation. När det gäller förutsättningarna för chefernas eget arbete ges de inget tydligt stöd för att balansera kraven mellan produktion och innovation i organisationen. Cheferna lämnas att själva göra individuella val om innovationsarbetet utifrån de krav och begränsningar som finns i situationen.

The interest for user experience (UX) and usability in libraries has grown rapidly over the past years and has now become an essential tool for developing and assessing a library’s digital services and physical spaces. It is necessary, though, to recognize that UX incorporates much more than just usability. Norman and Nielsen summarize user experience as something that “encompasses all aspects of the end-user’s interaction with the company, its services, and its products” and continues:

“The first requirement for an exemplary user experience is to meet the exact needs of the customer, without fuss or bother. Next comes simplicity and elegance that produce products that are a joy to own, a joy to use. True user experience goes far beyond giving customers what they say they want, or providing checklist features. In order to achieve high-quality user experience in a company’s offerings there must be a seamless merging of the services of multiple disciplines, including engineering, marketing, graphical and industrial design, and interface design.

Furthermore, they state that it is important to separate the overall user experience from usability, since the latter “is a quality attribute of the UI [user interface], covering whether the system is easy to learn, efficient to use, pleasant, and so forth.”

At Linköping University Library (LiUB) we are slowly moving towards a “culture of usability” where users are being observed interacting with both physical and virtual spaces, the way Godfrey advocates, but this paper will only focus on the library’s online presence. The main objective with this paper is to argue for continuous usability testing, as a part of regular library activity.

Usability testing within the library sector is nothing new per se, but it is usually done in the process of launching a new or redesigned website/UI or implementing a new library system. Most often it has a distinct focus on web development, and is not so much used to develop other services or physical spaces. This is confirmed in numerous articles and UX-blog posts and articles by e.g. Gasparini, Godfrey, Broadwater, and Dominguez, Hamill and Brillat. Sometimes the tests are not conducted by library staff, but by external consultants. Our approach, however, is to use an in-house, continuous process which is applied not only to the library’s website structure, but also to other digital services such as the search box on the library start page and link resolver user interface and the link resolver icon in the discovery tool.

Rettig asks whether such a thing as “grassroots UX” exists in libraries. She wonders if “the UX hopeful, [who] do not have the mandate or team or job title”, can find “ways to apply UX methods to smaller-scale, day-to-day work in the library?” I am inclined to say that it is possible. A UX perspective can and should be integrated in any development project, big or small. The UX philosophy does not have to be initiated as a top-down initiative, and in a sense LiUB’s systematic way of doing usability testing started out as a grassroots initiative.

The interest for user experience (UX) and usability in libraries has grown rapidly over the past years and has now become an essential tool for developing and assessing a library’s digital services and physical spaces. At Linköping University Library (LiUB) we are slowly moving towards a user-centered culture, where users are being observed interacting with both physical and virtual spaces, but this article will only focus on the library’s online presence. The main objective is to argue for continuous usability testing as a part of regular library activity.