liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
Refine search result
12 1 - 50 of 95
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Rows per page
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20
  • 50
  • 100
  • 250
Sort
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
Select
The maximal number of hits you can export is 250. When you want to export more records please use the Create feeds function.
  • 1.
    Aliakbaryhosseinabadi, Susan
    et al.
    Oticon A S, Denmark; Tech Univ Denmark, Denmark.
    Keidser, Gitte
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Oticon A S, Denmark.
    May, Tobias
    Tech Univ Denmark, Denmark.
    Dau, Torsten
    Tech Univ Denmark, Denmark.
    Wendt, Dorothea
    Oticon A S, Denmark; Tech Univ Denmark, Denmark.
    Rotger-Griful, Sergi
    Oticon A S, Denmark.
    The Effects of Noise and Simulated Conductive Hearing Loss on Physiological Response Measures During Interactive Conversations2023In: Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, ISSN 1092-4388, E-ISSN 1558-9102, Vol. 66, no 10, p. 4009-4024Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The purpose of this work was to study the effects of background noise and hearing attenuation associated with earplugs on three physiological measures, assumed to be markers of effort investment and arousal, during interactive communication. Method: Twelve pairs of older people (average age of 63.2 years) with ageadjusted normal hearing took part in a face-to-face communication to solve a Diapix task. Communication was held in different levels of babble noise (0, 60, and 70 dBA) and with two levels of hearing attenuation (0 and 25 dB) in quiet. The physiological measures obtained included pupil size, heart rate variability, and skin conductance. In addition, subjective ratings of perceived communication success, frustration, and effort were obtained. Results: Ratings of perceived success, frustration, and effort confirmed that communication was more difficult in noise and with approximately 25-dB hearing attenuation and suggested that the implemented levels of noise and hearing attenuation resulted in comparable communication difficulties. Background noise at 70 dBA and hearing attenuation both led to an initial increase in pupil size (associated with effort), but only the effect of the background noise was sustained throughout the conversation. The 25-dB hearing attenuation led to a significant decrease of the high-frequency power of heart rate variability and a significant increase of skin conductance level, measured as the average z value of the electrodermal activity amplitude. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that several physiological measures appear to be viable indicators of changing communication conditions, with pupillometry and cardiovascular as well as electrodermal measures potentially being markers of communication difficulty.

  • 2.
    Andin, Josefine
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Elwér, Åsa
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Mäki-Torkko, Elina
    Örebro University, Sweden.
    Arithmetic in the signing brain: Differences and similarities in arithmetic processing between deaf signers and hearing non-signers2023In: Journal of Neuroscience Research, ISSN 0360-4012, E-ISSN 1097-4547, Vol. 101, no 1, p. 172-195Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Deaf signers and hearing non-signers have previously been shown to recruit partially different brain regions during simple arithmetic. In light of the triple code model, the differences were interpreted as relating to stronger recruitment of the verbal system of numerical processing, that is, left angular and inferior frontal gyrus, in hearing non-signers, and of the quantity system of numerical processing, that is, right horizontal intraparietal sulcus, for deaf signers. The main aim of the present study was to better understand similarities and differences in the neural correlates supporting arithmetic in deaf compared to hearing individuals. Twenty-nine adult deaf signers and 29 hearing non-signers were enrolled in an functional magnetic resonance imaging study of simple and difficult subtraction and multiplication. Brain imaging data were analyzed using whole-brain analysis, region of interest analysis, and functional connectivity analysis. Although the groups were matched on age, gender, and nonverbal intelligence, the deaf group performed generally poorer than the hearing group in arithmetic. Nevertheless, we found generally similar networks to be involved for both groups, the only exception being the involvement of the left inferior frontal gyrus. This region was activated significantly stronger for the hearing compared to the deaf group but showed stronger functional connectivity with the left superior temporal gyrus in the deaf, compared to the hearing, group. These results lend no support to increased recruitment of the quantity system in deaf signers. Perhaps the reason for performance differences is to be found in other brain regions not included in the original triple code model.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 3.
    Andin, Josefine
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Holmer, Emil
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Differences in the attention network between deaf and hearing individuals2024In: Proceedings of the 19th SweCog conference, Stockholm, October 10-11, 2024., Skövde, 2024Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Evidence suggests that large-scale brain network organization may differ between individuals with limited sensory input (e.g. deaf individuals) and those without sensory impairment. These neural differences may manifest as behavioural differences, such as enhanced visual attention in deaf individuals. Using independent component analyses (ICA) on resting-state fMRI data, we showed that the attention network was more widespread in the hearing compared to the deaf group. This suggests that the organization of the attention network is different in deaf and hearing adults. 

  • 4.
    Arvola, Mattias
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Forsblad (Kristiansson), Mattias
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology.
    Wiberg, Mikael
    Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Autonomous Vehicles for Children with Mild Intellectual Disability: Perplexity, Curiosity, Surprise, and Confusion2023In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics 2023: Responsible Technology Community, Culture, and Sustainability / [ed] Alan Dix, Irene Reppa, Carina Westling, Harry Witchel, Stéphane Safin, Gerrit van der Veer, Joseph MacInnes, Harry Witchel, Raymond Bond, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2023, p. 1-8, article id 25Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Self-driving buses will be part of the public transportation system of the future, and they must therefore be accessible to all. The study reported in this paper examines the user experiences of 16 children with mild intellectual disability riding a self-driving bus. The qualitative analysis, performed by iterative affinity diagramming, of interviews, observations, and a co-design session with five of the children, suggests that familiar situations were characterized by contemplation and curiosity, while unfamiliar ones were characterized by surprise or confusion. The temporal structure of past, present, and future situations in the field of attention played a significant role in the children’s experiences. This leads to design considerations for an explainable interior of self-driving buses.

  • 5.
    Axelsson, Anna Karin
    et al.
    CHILD Research Group, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Holmer, Emil
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Schönström, Krister
    Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Plejert, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Sensory Organs and Communication. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Strategies to Facilitate Social Interaction with Adults with Congenital Deafblindness: Communication Partner’s Perceptions2024In: International journal of disability, development and education, ISSN 1034-912X, E-ISSN 1465-346XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the study of communication, meaning-making may be explained as a process consisting of collaborative and distributed actions between participants in interaction. This view is of special importance in communication with individuals living with deafblindness. Staff working in group housing for people with congenital deafblindness can be considered as communication partners. Using a qualitative and explorative design, 18 communication partners have been individually interviewed concerning their perceptions of strategies to facilitate social interaction with adults with congenital deafblindness. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using content analysis. The analyses generated three categories of perceived strategies 1) having essential competence and qualities, 2) getting to know and understand each other, 3) use of facilitating techniques. The results indicate that staff continuity in homes for people with deafblindness is key for the well-being of the people cared for. Combinations of perceived experiences from interviews, and forthcoming video-ethnographic observations, may form the basis of training programs.

  • 6.
    Batinović, Lucija
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Andre, Kalmendal
    Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    ELD CAMA platform for educational interventions2023Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background:Community-augmented meta-analysis (CAMA) platforms have begun to set a new standard for promoting FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data sharing. They allow dynamic and interactive meta-analysis of data and ensure reproducibility of results (Tsuji et al., 2014). As the area of disability research and education moves towards open science practices, the newly created CAMA platform sets to facilitate data sharing of meta-analyses and make evidence-based practice accessible to practitioners. Furthermore, we aim to promote high-quality standards in conducting evidence synthesis, which are still not readily implemented in the education research area (Nordström et al., 2022).

    Objectives of the CAMA platform:The Evidence in Learning and Didactics, and Disability research CAMA platform will provide meta-analytic tools to conduct both frequentist (http://194.47.110.50:3838/visualization/), and Bayesian meta-analyses (http://194.47.110.51:3838/) of educational interventions for typically developing and students with intellectual disability. Studies will be subdivided into categories of typically developing students and students with intellectual disability, with further subdivision of educational domains: writing, reading, math, science, and other.

    First objective: Create a platform that facilitates sharing of high-quality meta-analyses. The platform will allow publication bias assessment, effect size aggregation and moderator analysis. One important feature of this CAMA platforms is the ability to do analyses based on risk of bias assessments. Quality assessment and risk of bias estimation will be mandatory for dataset inclusion and it will be possible to conduct analyses on studies with different risks of bias estimation.

    Second objective: Create a platform that is valuable both as a pedagogical and research tool. Apps will allow high flexibility in model building and provide an interface that provides plain and technical explanations/summaries of statistical outputs. The goal is to have the apps become an easy-to-use tool for students and researchers aiming to conduct meta-analyses and serve as a guide on evidence based practices for practitioners.

  • 7.
    Batinović, Lucija
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Kalmendal, André
    Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    ELD CAMA Platform: Facilitating Meta-Analyses and Evidence-Based Practice in Education2023Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The increasing adoption of open science practices in disability research and education highlights the need for tools that facilitate FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data sharing. Community-augmented meta-analysis (CAMA) platforms have emerged as promising solutions, enabling dynamic, interactive meta-analyses while ensuring reproducibility (Tsuji et al., 2014). However, evidence synthesis quality remains a challenge in educational research (Nordström et al., 2022).

    We present the development of a CAMA platform for Evidence in Learning, Didactics, and Disability research, focusing on quantitative methods for conducting frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses of educational interventions built with R and Shiny. The platform organizes studies into categories for typically developing students and students with intellectual disabilities, subdivided by educational domains: writing, reading, math, science, and others.

    Our objectives are to develop a platform that enables sharing of high-quality meta-analyses, incorporating features such as publication bias assessment, effect size aggregation, and moderator analysis, with mandatory risk of bias assessments for dataset inclusion, and to design a versatile platform suitable as both a pedagogical and research tool. The platform will serve as a guide on evidence-based practices for practitioners and an easy-to-use tool for students and researchers aiming to conduct meta-analyses. During the poster session visitors will get a hands-on experience of the platform. 

  • 8.
    Blomberg, Rina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Signoret, Carine
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Perini, Irene
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Rönnberg, Jerker
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Johansson Capusan, Andrea
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Psykiatricentrum, Psykiatriska kliniken i Linköping.
    Aberrant resting-state connectivity of auditory, ventral attention/salience and default-mode networks in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder2022In: Frontiers in Neuroscience, ISSN 1662-4548, E-ISSN 1662-453X, Vol. 16, article id 972730.Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Numerous resting-state studies on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have reported aberrant functional connectivity (FC) between the default-mode network (DMN) and the ventral attention/salience network (VA/SN). This finding has commonly been interpreted as an index of poorer DMN regulation associated with symptoms of mind wandering in ADHD literature. However, a competing perspective suggests that dysfunctional organization of the DMN and VA/SN may additionally index increased sensitivity to the external environment. The goal of the current study was to test this latter perspective in relation to auditory distraction by investigating whether ADHD-adults exhibit aberrant FC between DMN, VA/SN, and auditory networks. Methods Twelve minutes of resting-state fMRI data was collected from two adult groups: ADHD (n = 17) and controls (n = 17); from which the FC between predefined regions comprising the DMN, VA/SN, and auditory networks were analyzed. Results A weaker anticorrelation between the VA/SN and DMN was observed in ADHD. DMN and VA/SN hubs also exhibited aberrant FC with the auditory network in ADHD. Additionally, participants who displayed a stronger anticorrelation between the VA/SN and auditory network at rest, also performed better on a cognitively demanding behavioral task that involved ignoring a distracting auditory stimulus. Conclusion Results are consistent with the hypothesis that auditory distraction in ADHD is linked to aberrant interactions between DMN, VA/SN, and auditory systems. Our findings support models that implicate dysfunctional organization of the DMN and VA/SN in the disorder and encourage more research into sensory interactions with these major networks.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 9.
    Blomkvist, Johan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Forsblad (Kristiansson), Mattias
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Arvola, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Wiberg, Mikael
    Umeå University, Sweden.
    Issues in future autonomous public transport solutions for children with intellectual disabilities2024In: Proceedings of DRS2024 Boston: Resistance, Recovery, Reflection, Reimagination : Design Research Society International Conference / [ed] Gray, C., Ciliotta Chehade, E., Hekkert, P., Forlano, L., Ciuccarelli, P., Lloyd, P., London: Design Research Society, 2024Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Public transportation in urban environments should be inclusive and accessible to offer this service for all people. This research aims to identify issues in the development of autonomous shuttle services in future public transportation systems for children with intellectual disabilities. An issue-based information system (IBIS) analysis was retrospectively conducted based on a concept generation phase. Four concepts were evaluated by five experts. The findings show that the main tensions in this context can be categorized as interaction, physical, and independence. Interactive elements can both create value and lead to confusion for the target group. The physical design of concepts affects feasibility, viability, and perception. Independence is a desired quality for the target group but often comes at a price of less independence for other stakeholders such as family members. Finally, the study suggests that there are tensions between the qualities of integrity, cognition, and user experience.

  • 10.
    Blomkvist, Johan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Forsblad, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Arvola, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Winberg, Mikael
    Umeå University, Sweden.
    Issues in future autonomous public transport solu-tions for children with intellectual disabilities2024In: Proceedings of DRS, ISSN 2398-3132Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Public transportation in urban environments should be inclusive and accessible to offer this service for all people. This research aims to identify issues in the devel-opment of autonomous shuttle services in future public transportation systems for children with intellectual disabilities. An issue-based information system (IBIS) anal-ysis was retrospectively conducted based on a concept generation phase. Four con-cepts were evaluated by five experts. The findings show that the main tensions in this context can be categorized as interaction, physical, and independence. Interac-tive elements can both create value and lead to confusion for the target group. The physical design of concepts affects feasibility, viability, and perception. Independ-ence is a desired quality for the target group but often comes at a price of less in-dependence for other stakeholders such as family members. Finally, the study sug-gests that there are tensions between the qualities of integrity, cognition, and user experience.

  • 11.
    Chiossi, Julia S. C.
    et al.
    Oticon AS, Denmark; Univ Oslo, Norway.
    Patou, Francois
    Oticon Med, Denmark.
    Ng, Elaine Hoi Ning
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Oticon AS, Denmark.
    Faulkner, Kathleen F.
    Oticon AS, Denmark.
    Lyxell, Bjoern
    Univ Oslo, Norway.
    Phonological discrimination and contrast detection in pupillometry2023In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 14, article id 1232262Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    IntroductionThe perception of phonemes is guided by both low-level acoustic cues and high-level linguistic context. However, differentiating between these two types of processing can be challenging. In this study, we explore the utility of pupillometry as a tool to investigate both low- and high-level processing of phonological stimuli, with a particular focus on its ability to capture novelty detection and cognitive processing during speech perception.MethodsPupillometric traces were recorded from a sample of 22 Danish-speaking adults, with self-reported normal hearing, while performing two phonological-contrast perception tasks: a nonword discrimination task, which included minimal-pair combinations specific to the Danish language, and a nonword detection task involving the detection of phonologically modified words within sentences. The study explored the perception of contrasts in both unprocessed speech and degraded speech input, processed with a vocoder.ResultsNo difference in peak pupil dilation was observed when the contrast occurred between two isolated nonwords in the nonword discrimination task. For unprocessed speech, higher peak pupil dilations were measured when phonologically modified words were detected within a sentence compared to sentences without the nonwords. For vocoded speech, higher peak pupil dilation was observed for sentence stimuli, but not for the isolated nonwords, although performance decreased similarly for both tasks.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate the complexity of pupil dynamics in the presence of acoustic and phonological manipulation. Pupil responses seemed to reflect higher-level cognitive and lexical processing related to phonological perception rather than low-level perception of acoustic cues. However, the incorporation of multiple talkers in the stimuli, coupled with the relatively low task complexity, may have affected the pupil dilation.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 12.
    Cromnow, Maria
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Sensory Organs and Communication. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland.
    Samuelsson, Christina
    Karolinska Institute.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Plejert, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Sensory Organs and Communication. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Understanding Facilitator Interventions in the Swedish Service “Taltjänst”2024In: Social Interaction. Video-Based Studies of Human Sociality, E-ISSN 2446-3620, Vol. 7, no 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish Communication Facilitation Service “Taltjänst” provides support to people with communication disorders, commonly caused by neurological disabilities, and their conversation partners. This study aims to investigate interaction within ”Taltjänst”, focusing on facilitator interventions by exploring; 1) When do facilitators intervene? 2) When do the primary conversation participants manage the conversation without facilitator support? Multimodal interaction/ Conversation analytical methods were used to analyse two phone calls involving a facilitator and clients with communication disorders. One client had congenital dysarthria, while the other had acquired aphasia, allowing for comparison of the interactional challenges faced by the facilitator when addressing different disorders. The analyses revealed that; 1) facilitators are commonly invited to intervene by their client’s eye gaze, and 2) there is a routine of intervening after every non-interrupted turn of the client with dysarthria, while the intervention pattern for the client with aphasia is more varied. These findings provide insights into the work of communication facilitators, and anyone supporting phone calls involving participants with a communication disorders. Furthermore, an increased understanding of interactional practices can contribute to the development of this essential, yet underexplored service.

  • 13.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Imms, Christine
    Apex Australia Chair Neurodev & Disabil, Australia; Univ Melbourne, Australia.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Almqvist, Lena
    Malardalen Univ, Sweden; Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Lundqvist, Lars-Olov
    Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    King, Gillian
    Bloorview Res Inst, Canada; Univ Toronto, Canada.
    Lyngback, Liz Adams
    Stockholm Univ, Sweden; FUB Swedish Natl Assoc People Intellectual Disabil, Sweden.
    Andersson, Anna Karin
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Arnell, Susann
    Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Arvidsson, Patrik
    Ctr Res & Dev Reg Gavleborg, Sweden; Univ Pretoria, South Africa.
    Augustine, Lilly
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Brooks, Rob
    Univ Bradford, England.
    Eldh, Maria
    Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in East Östergötland, Department of Rehabilitation in Norrköping.
    Engde, Lisa
    Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in West Östergötland, Habiliteringen.
    Engkvist, Helena
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Berglund, Ingalill Gimbler
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Green, Dido
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden; Brunel Univ London, England.
    Huus, Karina
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Charlotte
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Lygnegard, Frida
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Sjodin, Linda
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden; Jonkoping Habilitat Ctr, Sweden.
    Granlund, Mats
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden; Norwegian Univ Nat Sci & Technol, Norway.
    A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Trajectories of Mental Health Problems in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities2024In: Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, ISSN 1056-263X, E-ISSN 1573-3580, Vol. 36, p. 203-242Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To review the longitudinal trajectories - and the factors influencing their development - of mental health problems in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Systematic review methods were employed. Searches of six databases used keywords and MeSH terms related to children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, mental health problems, and longitudinal research. After the removal of duplicates, reviewers independently screened records for inclusion, extracted data (outcomes and influencing factors), and evaluated the risk of bias. Findings were tabulated and synthesized using graphs and a narrative. Searches identified 94,662 unique records, from which 49 publications were included. The median publication year was 2015. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were the most commonly included population in retrieved studies. In almost 50% of studies, trajectories of mental health problems changed by < 10% between the first and last time point. Despite multiple studies reporting longitudinal trajectories of mental health problems, greater conceptual clarity and consideration of the measures included in research is needed, along with the inclusion of a more diverse range of populations of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 14.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Lindström-Sandahl, Hanna
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Samuelsson, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Samuelsson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Elwér, Åsa
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Randomiserade kontrollerade studier av interventionsprogram för elever med tidiga läs- och matematiksvårigheter2023In: Resultatdialog 2023: Kortfattade resultat från forskning finansierad inom utbildningsvetenskap, Vetenskapsrådet , 2023, p. 15-18Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Forskningens syfte var att utveckla och utvärdera två interventioner för elever med tidiga lässvårigheter eller tidiga mattesvårigheter. Resultaten visade att bägge interventionerna hade en medelstor till stor effekt på förbättring för interventionsgrupperna direkt efter interventionerna. Ett år efter interventionerna hade de flesta av de positiva effekterna minskat till ungefär hälften.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Hela rapporten
  • 15.
    Dillard, Lauren K.
    et al.
    Department of Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
    Der, Carolina M.
    Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
    Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Health Workforce and Service Delivery Unit, Division of Country Health Policies and Systems, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Swanepoel, De Wet
    Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.
    Thorne, Peter R.
    Section of Audiology and Eisdell Moore Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
    McPherson, Bradley
    Centre for Hearing Research, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
    de Andrade, Victor
    Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Newall, John
    Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
    Ramos, Hubert D.
    Master in Clinical Audiology Program, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines.
    Kaspar, Annette
    ENT Clinic, Tupua Tamasese Meaole Hospital, Apia, Samoa.
    Nieman, Carrie L.
    Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
    Clark, Jackie L.
    University of Texas at Dallas–AuD Program, Dallas, Texas, United States of America.
    Chadha, Shelly
    Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
    Service delivery approaches related to hearing aids in low- and middle-income countries or resource-limited settings: A systematic scoping review2024In: PLOS Global Public Health, E-ISSN 2767-3375, Vol. 4, no 1, article id e0002823Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hearing loss is an important global public health issue which can be alleviated through treatment with hearing aids. However, most people who would benefit from hearing aids do not receive them, in part due to challenges in accessing hearing aids and related services, which are most salient in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and other resource-limited settings. Innovative approaches for hearing aid service delivery can overcome many of the challenges related to access, including that of limited human resources trained to provide ear and hearing care. The purpose of this systematic scoping review is to synthesize evidence on service delivery approaches for hearing aid provision in LMIC and resource-limited settings. We searched 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE) for peer-reviewed articles from 2000 to 2022 that focused on service delivery approaches related to hearing aids in LMIC or resource-limited settings. Fifteen peer-reviewed articles were included, which described hospital-based (3 studies), large-scale donation program (1 studies), community-based (7 studies), and remote (telehealth; 4 studies) service delivery approaches. Key findings are that hearing aid services can be successfully delivered in hospital- and community-based settings, and remotely, and that both qualified hearing care providers and trained non-specialists can provide quality hearing aid services. Service delivery approaches focused on community-based and remote care, and task sharing among qualified hearing care providers and trained non-specialists can likely improve access to hearing aids worldwide, thereby reducing the burden of untreated hearing loss.

  • 16.
    Ekberg, Mattias
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Andin, Josefine
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Stenfelt, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Sensory Organs and Communication. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Dahlström, Örjan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Effects of mild-to-moderate sensorineuralhearing loss and signal amplification on vocalemotion recognition in middle-aged–olderindividuals2022In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 17, no 1, article id e0261354Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous research has shown deficits in vocal emotion recognition in sub-populations of individuals with hearing loss, making this a high priority research topic. However, previousresearch has only examined vocal emotion recognition using verbal material, in which emotions are expressed through emotional prosody. There is evidence that older individualswith hearing loss suffer from deficits in general prosody recognition, not specific to emotionalprosody. No study has examined the recognition of non-verbal vocalization, which constitutes another important source for the vocal communication of emotions. It might be thecase that individuals with hearing loss have specific difficulties in recognizing emotionsexpressed through prosody in speech, but not non-verbal vocalizations. We aim to examinewhether vocal emotion recognition difficulties in middle- aged-to older individuals with sensorineural mild-moderate hearing loss are better explained by deficits in vocal emotion recognition specifically, or deficits in prosody recognition generally by including both sentencesand non-verbal expressions. Furthermore a, some of the studies which have concluded thatindividuals with mild-moderate hearing loss have deficits in vocal emotion recognition abilityhave also found that the use of hearing aids does not improve recognition accuracy in thisgroup. We aim to examine the effects of linear amplification and audibility on the recognitionof different emotions expressed both verbally and non-verbally. Besides examining accuracy for different emotions we will also look at patterns of confusion (which specific emotionsare mistaken for other specific emotion and at which rates) during both amplified and nonamplified listening, and we will analyze all material acoustically and relate the acoustic content to performance. Together these analyses will provide clues to effects of amplification onthe perception of different emotions. For these purposes, a total of 70 middle-aged-olderindividuals, half with mild-moderate hearing loss and half with normal hearing will perform acomputerized forced-choice vocal emotion recognition task with and without amplification

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 17.
    Ekberg, Mattias
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Stavrinos, Georgios
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Andin, Josefine
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Stenfelt, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Sensory Organs and Communication. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Dahlström, Örjan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Acoustic Features Distinguishing Emotions in Swedish Speech.2023In: Journal of Voice, ISSN 0892-1997, E-ISSN 1873-4588, article id S0892-1997(23)00103-0Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Few studies have examined which acoustic features of speech can be used to distinguish between different emotions, and how combinations of acoustic parameters contribute to identification of emotions. The aim of the present study was to investigate which acoustic parameters in Swedish speech are most important for differentiation between, and identification of, the emotions anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise in Swedish sentences. One-way ANOVAs were used to compare acoustic parameters between the emotions and both simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the contribution of different acoustic parameters to differentiation between emotions. Results showed differences between emotions for several acoustic parameters in Swedish speech: surprise was the most distinct emotion, with significant differences compared to the other emotions across a range of acoustic parameters, while anger and happiness did not differ from each other on any parameter. The logistic regression models showed that fear was the best-predicted emotion while happiness was most difficult to predict. Frequency- and spectral-balance-related parameters were best at predicting fear. Amplitude- and temporal-related parameters were most important for surprise, while a combination of frequency-, amplitude- and spectral balance-related parameters are important for sadness. Assuming that there are similarities between acoustic models and how listeners infer emotions in speech, results suggest that individuals with hearing loss, who lack abilities of frequency detection, may compared to normal hearing individuals have difficulties in identifying fear in Swedish speech. Since happiness and fear relied primarily on amplitude- and spectral-balance-related parameters, detection of them are probably facilitated more by hearing aid use.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 18.
    Elbe, Pia
    et al.
    Umea Univ, Sweden; Univ Konstanz, Germany.
    Marsja, Erik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Sörman, Daniel
    Umea Univ, Sweden; Lulea Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Vega-Mendoza, Mariana
    Lulea Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Nyberg, Lars
    Umea Univ, Sweden; Lulea Univ Technol, Sweden; Umea Univ, Sweden; Univ Oslo, Norway; Umea Univ, Sweden.
    Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica
    Lulea Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Effects of auditory and tactile distraction in adults with low and high ADHD symptoms2024In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology, ISSN 2044-5911, E-ISSN 2044-592XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to investigate whether symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impact distraction by unexpected deviant sounds and vibrations. The hypothesis was a difference between individuals with low and high ADHD symptom severity in deviance distraction. In a cross-modal oddball task, we measured the impact of to-be-ignored deviating auditory and vibrotactile stimuli in 45 adults. No difference was observed between groups with low and high symptoms of ADHD in their propensity for distraction between modalities using both frequentist and Bayesian methods. The impact of the deviating sounds and vibrations on performance was similar between groups. However, the amount of missed trials, which possibly reflects mind wandering or attention away from the focal task, was higher in the high-symptom group. The findings indicate some differences in habituation across the duration of the task. The complexity of adult ADHD symptomatology, especially differences in attentional control is discussed.

  • 19.
    Ellis, Rachel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Rönnberg, Jerker
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Plejert, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Sensory Organs and Communication. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Combined effects of age and hearing impairment on utterances and requests for clarification in spontaneous conversation and a referential communication task2024In: International journal of language and communication disorders, ISSN 1368-2822, E-ISSN 1460-6984, Vol. 59, no 1, p. 293-303Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundThe impact of hearing impairment is typically studied in terms of its effects on speech perception, yet this fails to account for the interactive nature of communication. Recently, there has been a move towards studying the effects of age-related hearing impairment on interaction, often using referential communication tasks; however, little is known about how interaction in these tasks compares to everyday communication. AimsTo investigate utterances and requests for clarification used in one-to-one conversations between older adults with hearing impairment and younger adults without hearing impairment, and between two younger adults without hearing impairment. Methods & ProceduresA total of 42 participants were recruited to the study and split into 21 pairs, 10 with two younger adults without hearing impairment and 11 with one younger adult without hearing impairment and one older participant with age-related hearing impairment (hard of hearing). Results from three tasks-spontaneous conversation and two trials of a referential communication task-were compared. A total of 5 min of interaction in each of the three tasks was transcribed, and the frequency of requests for clarification, mean length of utterance and total utterances were calculated for individual participants and pairs. Outcomes & ResultsWhen engaging in spontaneous conversation, participants made fewer requests for clarification than in the referential communication, regardless of hearing status/age (p & LE; 0.012). Participants who were hard of hearing made significantly more requests for clarification than their partners without hearing impairment in only the second trial of the referential communication task (U = 25, p = 0.019). Mean length of utterance was longer in spontaneous conversation than in the referential communication task in the pairs without hearing impairment (p & LE; 0.021), but not in the pairs including a person who was hard of hearing. However, participants who were hard of hearing used significantly longer utterances than their partners without hearing impairment in the spontaneous conversation (U = 8, p < 0.001) but not in the referential communication tasks. Conclusions & ImplicationsThe findings suggest that patterns of interaction observed in referential communication tasks differ to those observed in spontaneous conversation. The results also suggest that fatigue may be an important consideration when planning studies of interaction that use multiple conditions of a communication task, particularly when participants are older or hard of hearing. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSWhat is already known on this subjectAge-related hearing impairment is known to affect communication; however, the majority of studies have focused on its impact on speech perception in controlled conditions. This indicates little about the impact on everyday, interactive, communication. What this study adds to the existing knowledgeWe investigated utterance length and requests for clarification in one-to-one conversations between pairs consisting of one older adult who is hard of hearing and one younger adult without hearing impairment, or two younger adults without hearing impairment. Results from three tasks (two trials of a referential communication task and spontaneous conversation) were compared. The findings demonstrated a significant effect of task type on requests for clarification in both groups. Furthermore, in spontaneous conversation, older adults who were hard of hearing used significantly longer utterances than their partners without hearing impairment. This pattern was not observed in the referential communication task. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?These findings have important implications for generalizing results from controlled communication tasks to more everyday conversation. Specifically, they suggest that the previously observed strategy of monopolizing conversation, possibly as an attempt to control it, may be more frequently used by older adults who are hard of hearing in natural conversation than in a more contrived communication task.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 20.
    Elwér, Åsa
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Andin, Josefine
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Geometry in the brain optimized for sign language - A unique role of the anterior superior parietal lobule in deaf signers2024In: Brain and Language, ISSN 0093-934X, E-ISSN 1090-2155, Vol. 253, article id 105416Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Geometry has been identified as a cognitive domain where deaf individuals exhibit relative strength, yet the neural mechanisms underlying geometry processing in this population remain poorly understood. This fMRI study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of geometry processing in deaf and hearing individuals. Twentytwo adult deaf signers and 25 hearing non -signers completed a geometry decision task. We found no group differences in performance, while there were some differences in parietal activation. As expected, the posterior superior parietal lobule (SPL) was recruited for both groups. The anterior SPL was significantly more activated in the deaf group, and the inferior parietal lobule was significantly more deactivated in the hearing group. In conclusion, despite similar performance across groups, there were differences in the recruitment of parietal regions. These differences may reflect inherent differences in brain organization due to different early sensory and linguistic experiences.

  • 21.
    Forsblad, Mattias
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Lindblad, Philip
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Arvola, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Solís-Marcos, Ignacio
    VTI, The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linköping, Sweden.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Wiberg, Mikael
    Department of Informatics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
    How Children With Mild Intellectual Disability Experience Self-driving Buses: In Support of Agency2023In: Transaction on Transport Sciences, ISSN 1802-971X, E-ISSN 1802-9876, Vol. 14, no 2, p. 21-31Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Emerging technology for public transportation is often not fully aligned with an inclusive design strategy. Many people with intellectual disability experience their needs and desires not being fully considered. Responding to this problem, the purpose of this study is to investigate how children with mild intellectual disability experience self-driving buses. On each bus, a person called "safety driver" monitors the ride and takes control if a problematic situation arises. The purpose is also to investigate what roles support persons and safety drivers play. In addition, the research aims to propose improvements in how the design of these self-driving buses can better motivate children with intellectual disability to use them in support of their agency. To address this, we arranged and studied seven rides on self-driving buses, for 16 children diagnosed to have mild intellectual disability, and their support persons. Interviews with the children were held after the rides, and both the rides and interviews were video recorded. The analysis was in part inductive but also employed a theory based on motivation: self-determination theory. For several children, the bus worked as a vehicle for a social sightseeing tour of the local environment, and the current design did not hinder such an experience. Overall, many of the children had a positive experience, but there is room for improvement regarding the design of the buses. Some children expressed curiosity and a few frustrations with how the bus behaved in traffic. For instance, it was difficult for the children to understand why the bus braked for things that were hard for them to perceive. From observation, it appears that the accompanying support person and safety driver played an important role in making children safe and shaping the social environment on the bus. The support persons were also essential for some children to ride the bus at all. The safety driver provided the children with information about how the bus worked. Both the safety driver and the support person had a positive impact on the children's experience. To meet the children's needs and skills, and to improve their motivation for riding the buses again, the buses need to decelerate less abruptly, have easier and consistently designed seatbelts, and communicate what they do, see, and signal more clearly. We argue that further studies at this level of detail are crucial to ensure that new technologies are indeed designed for everyone.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 22. GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators,
    Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 20212024In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 403, no 10440, p. 2100-2132, article id S0140-6736(24)00367-2Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.

    METHODS: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.

    FINDINGS: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.

    INTERPRETATION: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere.

    FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  • 23. GBD 2021 Demographics Collaborators,
    Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950-2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 20212024In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 403, no 10440, p. 1989-2056, article id S0140-6736(24)00476-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemic period.

    METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution.

    FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5-65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020-21; 5·1% [0·9-9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98-5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50-6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126-137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7-17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8-24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7-51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9-72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0-2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67-8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4-52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0-44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations.

    INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic.

    FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  • 24. GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators,
    Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 20212024In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 403, no 10440, p. 2133-2161, article id S0140-6736(24)00757-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

    METHODS: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    FINDINGS: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44-2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64-3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7-17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8-6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7-10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0-234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7-198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3-214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0-171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3-51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9-52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54-1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5-9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0-19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9-21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0-17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7-27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6-63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4-64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6-2·9) between 2019 and 2021.

    INTERPRETATION: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades.

    FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  • 25. GBD 2021 Fertility and Forecasting Collaborators,
    Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 20212024In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 403, no 10440, p. 2057-2099, article id S0140-6736(24)00550-6Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios.

    METHODS: To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10-54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values-a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy-by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007-21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline.

    FINDINGS: During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63-5·06) to 2·23 (2·09-2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137-147), declining to 129 million (121-138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1-canonically considered replacement-level fertility-in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7-29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59-2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25-1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6-43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1-59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions-decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7-25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3-19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4-10·1) in 2100-but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40-1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35-1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction.

    INTERPRETATION: Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world.

    FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  • 26. GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators,
    Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 20212024In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 403, no 10440, p. 2204-2256, article id S0140-6736(24)00685-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050.

    METHODS: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline.

    FINDINGS: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8-63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0-45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2-34·1] to 15·5% [13·7-17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4-40·3) to 41·1% (33·9-48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6-25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5-43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5-17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7-11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7-27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5-6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2-26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [-0·6 to 3·6]).

    INTERPRETATION: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions.

    FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  • 27. GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators,
    Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 20212024In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 403, no 10440, p. 2162-2203, article id S0140-6736(24)00933-4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021.

    METHODS: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk-outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk-outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk-outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk-outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws.

    FINDINGS: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7-9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4-9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7-6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8-6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8-6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0-4 years and 5-14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9-27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5-28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3-56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9-21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3-12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6-1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1-1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4-78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2-72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP).

    INTERPRETATION: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions.

    FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

  • 28.
    Genelyte, Indre
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Ageing and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Torgé, Cristina Joy
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Social Work. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Homman, Lina
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Ageing and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Resilient workers and resilient markets – lessons from the work life courses2024Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction

    With the increase in longevity and changes in welfare states, policies aim to make extended working lives possible. At the same time, there may be various work-related risks that may act as barriers to an extended working life and re-entry into the labour market. The focus of this presentation is resilience, both of the labour market and of older workers themselves, in handling work-related and organizational risks in later working life.

     

    Methods

    This presentation draws on 100 problem-oriented interviews with older workers in Germany, Poland, Sweden and the UK focusing on their work life course. Respondents varied in education- and skill-level and current type of employment. The research teams from the four countries coded interviews according to a standardized theory-driven coding guide and summarized work trajectories through mapping risk-related turning points in the work life. 

     

    Results 

    We identify three different work trajectories based on the prevalence of work-related risks. Further, we present a comparative analysis of the individuals’ experiences of coping strategies and unmet needs to maintain or re-enter work.

     

    Conclusions

    Received formal and informal support reveals the psychosocial resilience of the individuals and the resilience of the labour market and welfare system to meet different kinds of risks in a working life. Altogether, the presentation contributes to the increased knowledge on possibilities for extending working lives by focusing on psychosocial and social resilience, and how different support channels throughout the work life course are employed.

  • 29.
    Genelyte, Indre
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Ageing and Social Change.
    Torgé, Cristina Joy
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Social Work.
    Homman, Lina
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Resilient Workers and Resilient Markets: Lessons from the Work Life Courses of Older Workers2023Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 30.
    Gosling, Justine
    et al.
    WHO, Denmark; Univ Lucerne, Switzerland.
    Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. WHO, Denmark.
    Mishra, Satish
    WHO, Denmark.
    2023: The game changing year for rehabilitation in the WHO European Region?2023In: Disability and Rehabilitation, ISSN 0963-8288, E-ISSN 1464-5165, Vol. 45, no 20, p. 3407-3408Article in journal (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 31.
    Gosling, Justine
    et al.
    Univ Lucerne, Switzerland.
    Maritz, Roxanne
    Univ Lucerne, Switzerland.
    Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Sabariego, Carla
    Univ Lucerne, Switzerland; Swiss Parapleg Res, Switzerland; Univ Lucerne, Switzerland.
    Lessons learned from health system rehabilitation preparedness and response for disasters in LMICs: a scoping review2024In: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 806Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    IntroductionDisasters such as earthquakes, conflict, or landslides result in traumatic injuries creating surges in rehabilitation and assistive technology needs, exacerbating pre-existing unmet needs. Disasters frequently occur in countries where existing rehabilitation services are underdeveloped, hindering response to rehabilitation demand surge events.AimsThe primary aim of this scoping review is therefore to synthesize the evidence on rehabilitation and assistive technology preparedness and response of health systems in LMICs to the demand associated with disasters and conflict situations. A secondary aim was to summarize related recommendations identified in the gathered literature.MethodologyA scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework to guide the methodological development. The results are reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR. Four bibliographic databases were used: CINHAL, Cochrane, Pubmed, Scopus and. Key international organisations were also contacted. The search period was from 2010-2022. Eligible publications were categorized for analysis under the six World Health Organization health systems buildings blocks.ResultsThe findings of this scoping review suggest that rehabilitation is poorly integrated into health systems disaster preparedness and response in LMICs. Of the 27 studies included in the scoping review, 14 focused on service delivery, 6 on health workforce, 4 on health information systems and 3 on the leadership and governance building block. No study focused on financing nor assistive technology. This review found the most frequently referenced recommendations for actions that should be taken to develop rehabilitation services in disasters to be: the provision early and multi-professional rehabilitation, including the provision of assistive technology and psychological support, integrated community services; disaster response specific training for rehabilitation professionals; advocacy efforts to create awareness of the importance of rehabilitation in disasters; and the integration of rehabilitation into disaster preparedness and response plans.ConclusionFindings of this scoping review suggest that rehabilitation is poorly integrated into health systems disaster preparedness and response in LMIC's, largely due to low awareness of rehabilitation, undeveloped rehabilitation health systems and a lack of rehabilitation professionals, and disaster specific training for them. The paucity of available evidence hinders advocacy efforts for rehabilitation in disaster settings and limits the sharing of experiences and lessons learnt to improve rehabilitation preparedness and response. Advocacy efforts need to be expanded.

  • 32.
    Gothilander, Jennifer
    et al.
    School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
    Axelsson, Anna Karin
    CHILD research group, School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Almqvist, Lena
    School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
    Ullenhag, Anna
    School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
    Factor structure of FUNDES‐Child‐SE measuring the participation and independence of children with disabilities2024In: Child Care Health and Development, ISSN 0305-1862, E-ISSN 1365-2214, Vol. 50, no 4, article id e13306Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundFUNDES-Child-SE is a proxy rating questionnaire for measuring participation and independence in children with disabilities in a Swedish context. It includes the components of frequency of attendance, engagement and independence. The original, Taiwanese FUNDES-Child 7.0, has previously been found to have a four-factor structure for frequency of participation and a two-factor structure for independence. The aim of this study was to test the factor structure in FUNDES-Child-SE. The factor structure is an important part of construct validity.MethodsCaregivers of 163 children with disabilities aged 6-18 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to find the factor structure for Engagement. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factor structure for all three components.ResultsThe proposed factor structure for frequency of participation (daily living participation frequency, mobility participation frequency, learning participation frequency and community participation frequency) and independence (daily living independence and social participation independence) fit with data from FUNDES-Child-SE after excluding three to five items and adding two to five covariances of residuals. In the engagement component, two factors, named engagement in informal activities and engagement in formal activities, were found. After excluding one item and adding 10 covariances of residuals, the factor structure had an acceptable fit to data.ConclusionsDifferences in components' factor structure indicate that attendance and engagement are separate aspects of participation. Before using numeric scores from FUNDES-Child-SE in clinical settings, responsiveness and interpretability should be evaluated.

  • 33.
    Gothilander, Jennifer
    et al.
    Malardalen Univ, Sweden.
    Ullenhag, Anna
    Malardalen Univ, Sweden.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Axelsson, Anna Karin
    Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Reliability of FUNDES-Child-SE-measuring participation and independence of children and youths with disabilities2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, ISSN 1103-8128, E-ISSN 1651-2014, Vol. 30, no 8, p. 1248-1256Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundThere is a need for an instrument to measure participation and independence in children with disabilities. FUNDES-Child-SE has its origin in the participation questionnaire Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation.AimsTest the psychometric properties of internal consistency and test-retest reliability.Material and methodsThis cross-sectional study included caregivers of 163 children with disability aged 6-18 years, 59 of whom were also included in the test-retest study. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the proportions of valid ratings. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were tested through Cronbachs alpha and the intra-class correlation coefficient.ResultsThe amount of not relevant/not applicable ratings was substantial but varied between items and subdomains. Internal consistency was acceptable (0.8-0.95), and the test-retest was marginal to excellent (0.73-0.95).ConclusionsThe reliability together with the content validity support the use of the FUNDES-Child-SE to measure participation and independence in children with disabilities. However, results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and possible selection bias. Modifications to reduce the not relevant/not applicable responses should be investigated together with the instruments responsiveness.SignificanceFUNDES-Child-SE can be used to facilitate a discussion of participation and independence and to plan interventions in a habilitation setting.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 34.
    Granlund, Mats
    et al.
    Jönköping University.
    Ritosa, Andrea
    Jönköping University.
    Åström, Frida
    Jönköping University.
    Klaar, Carmen
    Jönköping University.
    Almqvist, Lena
    Mälardalens universitet.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Madeleine, Sjöman
    Malmö universitet.
    Skolprestationer i årskurs 3 och 6: vad är relationen till barns engagemang i förskolans aktiviteter?2022In: Resultatdialog 2022: Kortfattade resultat från forskningfinansierad av Vetenskapsrådetsutbildningsvetenskapliga kommitté, Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet , 2022, p. 32-34Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Download full text (pdf)
    Hela rapporten
  • 35.
    Groh, Aline
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Delaktighet i beslutsfattandet för människor med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning: En kvalitativ intervjustudie i föreningar2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Full delaktighet i föreningar och i beslutsfattande processer för alla människor på alla nivåer anses vara eftersträvansvärt av internationella konventioner. Forskning visar dock att människor med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning upplever många inskränkningar i delaktigheten inklusive i delaktigheten i beslutsfattande processer. Det finns väldigt lite forskning som undersöker gemensamt beslutsfattande hos personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Syftet med den här studien är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap kring hur personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning upplever delaktigheten i beslutsfattande processer för att för att kunna förstå främjande faktorer. Kontexten för studien är intresseföreningar som har medlemmar och styrelseledamöter med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, då föreningar tillhandahåller en bred mångfald av möjligheter för delaktighet i beslutsfattandet. Studien utgår ifrån följande frågeställningar utifrån ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv: Hur beskriver personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning den upplevda delaktigheten i beslutsfattande processer i en förening? Vilka faktorer för kognitiv tillgänglighet beskrivs som betydelsefulla för personer med IF? Studien utgår dessutom ifrån kritisk realism som vetenskapsteoretisk ansats. Metoden som används är kvalitativa intervjuer som analyseras med en innehållsanalys. Resultat som framkommer är att delaktigheten i beslutsfattande i de undersökta kontexterna upplevs ofta bra men att delaktighetsinskränkningar förekommer. Det finns ett flertal faktorer för kognitiv tillgänglighet som är betydelsefulla. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    Delaktighet i beslutsfattandet för människor med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning_En kvalitativ intervjustudie i föreningar
  • 36.
    Henry, Lucy A.
    et al.
    Univ London, England.
    Messer, David J.
    Univ London, England.
    Poloczek, Sebastian
    Open Univ, England.
    Dennan, Rachel
    Univ London, England.
    Mattiauda, Elisa
    Univ London, England.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    The reliability of Hebb repetition learning and its association with language and reading in adolescents with intellectual disabilities2024In: Cortex, ISSN 0010-9452, E-ISSN 1973-8102, Vol. 177, p. 253-267Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hebb repetition learning (HRL) refers to neurodevelopmental processes characterised by repeated stimulus exposure without feedback, which result in changes in behaviour and/or responses, e.g., long-term learning of serial order. Here, we investigate effects of HRL on serial order memory. The present research aimed to assess the reliability of new HRL measures and investigate their relationships with language and reading skills (vocabulary, grammar, word reading) in adolescents with intellectual disability (ID). A comparison group of children of similar mental age with typical development (TD) was also assessed. ID and TD groups were tested on HRL tasks, evaluating test-retest and split-half reliability. The relationship between HRL and language and reading was analysed after accounting for the influence of mental age and verbal short-term memory. The HRL tasks displayed moderate test-retest (and split-half) reliability, HRL tasks with different stimuli (verbal, visual) were related, and we identified issues with one method of HRL scoring. The planned regression analyses failed to show relationships between HRL and language/reading skills in both groups when mental age, a very strong predictor, was included. However, further exploratory regression analyses without mental age revealed HRL's predictive capabilities for vocabulary in the ID group and reading in the TD group, results which need further investigation and replication. HRL displays promise as a moderately reliable metric and exhibits varied and interpretable predictive capabilities for language and reading skills across groups. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC

  • 37.
    Holmer, Emil
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Rönnberg, Jerker
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Asutay, Erkin
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Tirado, Carlos
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Ekberg, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Facial mimicry interference reduces working memory accuracy for facial emotion expressions2024In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 19, no 6, article id e0306113Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Facial mimicry, the tendency to imitate facial expressions of other individuals, has been shown to play a critical role in the processing of emotion expressions. At the same time, there is evidence suggesting that its role might change when the cognitive demands of the situation increase. In such situations, understanding another person is dependent on working memory. However, whether facial mimicry influences working memory representations for facial emotion expressions is not fully understood. In the present study, we experimentally interfered with facial mimicry by using established behavioral procedures, and investigated how this interference influenced working memory recall for facial emotion expressions. Healthy, young adults (N = 36) performed an emotion expression n-back paradigm with two levels of working memory load, low (1-back) and high (2-back), and three levels of mimicry interference: high, low, and no interference. Results showed that, after controlling for block order and individual differences in the perceived valence and arousal of the stimuli, the high level of mimicry interference impaired accuracy when working memory load was low (1-back) but, unexpectedly, not when load was high (2-back). Working memory load had a detrimental effect on performance in all three mimicry conditions. We conclude that facial mimicry might support working memory for emotion expressions when task load is low, but that the supporting effect possibly is reduced when the task becomes more cognitively challenging.

  • 38.
    Homman, Lina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Rönnberg, Jerker
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    A structural equation mediation model captures the predictions amongst the parameters of the ease of language understanding model2023In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 14, article id 1015227Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the Ease of Language Understanding (ELU) model through a statistical assessment of the relationships among its main parameters: processing speed, phonology, working memory (WM), and dB Speech Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) in a sample of hearing aid users from the n200 database.

    Methods: Hearing aid users were assessed on several hearing and cognitive tests. Latent Structural Equation Models (SEMs) were applied to investigate the relationship between the main parameters of the ELU model while controlling for age and PTA. Several competing models were assessed.

    Results: Analyses indicated that a mediating SEM was the best fit for the data. The results showed that (i) phonology independently predicted speech recognition threshold in both easy and adverse listening conditions and (ii) WM was not predictive of dB SNR for a given SRT in the easier listening conditions (iii) processing speed was predictive of dB SNR for a given SRT mediated via WM in the more adverse conditions.

    Conclusion: The results were in line with the predictions of the ELU model: (i) phonology contributed to dB SNR for a given SRT in all listening conditions, (ii) WM is only invoked when listening conditions are adverse, (iii) better WM capacity aids the understanding of what has been said in adverse listening conditions, and finally (iv) the results highlight the importance and optimization of processing speed in conditions when listening conditions are adverse and WM is activated.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 39.
    Hoogeveen, Suzanne
    et al.
    Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Sarafoglou, Alexandra
    Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands..
    Aczel, Balazs
    Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Psychol, Budapest, Hungary..
    Dahlström, Örjan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Homman, Lina
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being2023In: Religion, Brain & Behavior, ISSN 2153-599X, E-ISSN 2153-5981, Vol. 13, no 3, p. 237-283Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 40.
    Högstedt, Erika
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Community Care Department, The Municipality of Norrköping, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Igelström, Kajsa
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurobiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience.
    Korhonen, Laura
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Psykiatricentrum, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Linköping. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Barnafrid.
    Käcker, Pia
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Marteinsdottir, Ina
    Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Björk, Mathilda
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    ‘It’s like it is designed to keep me stressed’ — Working sustainably with ADHD or autism2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, ISSN 1103-8128, E-ISSN 1651-2014, no 8, p. 1280-1291Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face multiple challenges in obtaining and maintaining employment.

    Aims

    To identify and describe how adults with ADHD or ASD experienced their ability to work and what factors affected their ability to find a sustainable work situation over time.

    Methods

    Individual in-depth interviews were performed with 20 purposively sampled participants with ADHD/ASD. Data were analysed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsThree themes were identified, describing (1) one’s own cognitive abilities and challenges, (2) enablement by flexibility and acceptance in the work environment, and (3) accumulated stress that makes the work situation unsustainable over time.

    Conclusions

    Over time, a lack of continuity and predictability of support measures caused great stress and exhaustion, with severe consequences for working life and in life in general. Adaptations needed to be individually tailored and include nonoccupational factors.

    Significance

    The study shows that adults with ADHD/ASD need long-term interventions that flexibly adapt to individual needs, as they vary over time. The findings suggest that occupational therapists and other health care providers, employers, employment services and other involved agencies should pay a greater deal of attention to stability and predictability over time.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 41.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Andersson, Anna Karin
    Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden; CHILD, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Almqvist, Lena
    CHILD, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Division of Psychology, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
    Self-rating via video communication in children with disability – a feasibility study2023In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 14Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Different barriers may hinder children with developmental disabilities (DD) from having a voice in research and clinical interventions concerning fundamentally subjective phenomena, such as participation. It is not well-investigated if video communication tools have the potential to reduce these barriers. Aim: This study investigated the feasibility of administering a self-rating instrument measuring participation, Picture My Participation (PmP), via a video communication tool (Zoom), to children with DD. Materials and methods: PmP was administered to 17 children with DD (mean age 13 years). The pictorial representations of activities and response options in PmP were displayed in a shared PowerPoint presentation, enabling nonverbal responses with the annotate function in Zoom. Child and interviewer perceptions of the interview were measured through questionnaires developed for the purpose. Results: All the children completed the interview. Most PmP questions were answered, and no adverse events were registered. Technical issues could generally be solved. No special training or expensive equipment was needed for the interviews. Conclusion: Interviewer-guided self-ratings of participation and related constructs through video communication may be  a feasible procedure to use with children with DD from age 11. Significance: Offering video communication may increase children’s chances to contribute subjective experiences in research and clinical practice.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 42.
    Ivarsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Andersson, Anna Karin
    School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
    Gothilander, Jennifer
    School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
    Granlund, Mats
    School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
    Structural validity and internal consistency of the Strengths and Stressors in Parenting (SSF) Questionnaire in parents of children with developmental disabilities.2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, ISSN 0036-5564, E-ISSN 1467-9450, Vol. 64, no 4, p. 486-494Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The current study investigated the structural validity and internal consistency of the Strengths and Stressors (SSF) questionnaire. The SSF is used in Swedish habilitation services to measure the positive and negative consequences that the fostering of a child with a developmental disability can have on family functioning in six domains: parent's feelings and attitudes, social life, family finances, relationship to the other parent, siblings, and professional support. The proposed six-factor model was tested with confirmatory factor analysis with data collected from 291 parents of children with developmental disabilities. The six-factor model had an acceptable fit according to most fit indices, but two items were non-significant. Overall, the internal consistency was acceptable or good. The SSF, with the proposed six-factor solution, can be a useful tool when assessing parental perspectives on the impacts of having a child with a developmental disability in clinical settings and research.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 43.
    Khatin-Zadeh, Omid
    et al.
    Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, Peoples R China.
    Banaruee, Hassan
    Univ Bonn, Germany.
    Reali, Florencia
    Univ Los Andes, Colombia.
    Tirado, Carlos
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Ruiz-Fernandez, Susana
    FOM Univ Appl Sci, Germany.
    Yamada, Yuki
    Kyushu Univ, Japan.
    Wang, Ruiming
    South China Normal Univ, Peoples R China.
    Nicolas, Robin
    Univ Antilles, France.
    Khwaileh, Tariq
    Qatar Univ, Qatar.
    Szychowska, Malina
    Stockholm Univ, Sweden.
    Vestlund, Johanna
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Correa, Juan C.
    CESA Business Sch, Colombia.
    Farsani, Danyal
    Univ Finis Terrae, Chile.
    Butcher, Natalie
    Teesside Univ, England.
    Som, Bidisha
    Indian Inst Technol Guwahati, India.
    Volkonskii, Ivan
    Russian Presidential Acad Natl Econ & Publ Adm, Russia.
    Plevoets, Koen
    Univ Ghent, Belgium; Univ Ghent, Belgium.
    Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando
    Univ South Australia Online, Australia.
    Metaphors of time across cultures2023In: JOURNAL OF CULTURAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE, ISSN 2520-100X, Vol. 7, p. 219-231Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    TIME is a highly abstract concept and prevalent in languages worldwide. Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research suggests that TIME is embodied dissimilarly in different languages. Still the literature has not received sufficient attention in examining the differences. This study aimed to identify and compare how TIME is metaphorically represented and embodied worldwide. We investigated 14 languages; Arabic, Assamese, Chinese, English, Finnish, French, German, Japanese, Kikuyu, Persian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish, which represent nine language families. The metaphors were categorized conceptually as TIME IS AN ORGANISM, TIME IS MOTION, TIME IS SPACE, and TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY. We employed a two-part paper-based task. The first part consisted of generation of metaphor items and the second part consisted of a valence rating task. The key variables considered were metaphor category and language family while controlling for demographic variables such as gender, age and handedness. Data from 513 participants were collected. Results showed a significant association between language categories and the valences of time metaphors. The data of this study suggest that within the languages of a certain category, there might be some similarity between the valences of words that are used to realize a given conceptual metaphor.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 44.
    Käcker, Pia
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Nycklar till kommunikaton2022In: Förhållningssätt och möten: arbetsmetoder i social omsorg / [ed] Thomas Strandberg, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2022, 2, Vol. Sidorna 273-298, p. 273-298Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Kapitlet handlar om hur kommunikation med några personer som har svåra förvärvade hjärnskador och som inte kommunicerar verbalt går till. Avsaknad av tal, afasi, återfinns hos personer med svåra hjärnskador, oavsett om hjärnskadan är en följd av sjukdom eller skada. Inledningsvis beskrivs förekomst av hjärnskada. Därefter tas begreppet kommunikation upp. Tonvikten läggs på dialogen och samspelet mellan personerna. Kognitiva förmågor som minne och språk kommer att behandlas kortfattat. Huvuddelen av kapitlet består av fyra personbeskrivningar Berit, Ann, Bertil och Karin. Varje personbeskrivning avslutas med en analys av vad som underlättar respektive hindrar kommunikationen. Även om beskrivningarna handlar om personer med förvärvad hjärnskada går resultaten att generalisera till andra grupper, till exempel personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning (intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och omfattande motorisk funktionsnedsättning) och personer med demens. Syftet med kapitlet är dels att ge läsaren en orientering om hur viktig kommunikationen är i det dagliga omsorgsarbetet, dels att beskriva metoder för hur kommunikationen kan gå till när den ena av parterna inte kan tala.

  • 45.
    Levén, Anna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Bergström, Monica
    Linköping University.
    Do hearing influence the relation between subjective and more objective measures of prospective memory or memory for intentions in adults with intellectual disability?2022In: 6th International Conference on Cognitive Hearing Science for Communication, 2022, , p. 1Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Prospective memory (PM) or memory for intentions is difficult for people with intellectualdisability (ID). PM has been studied in young people with Down syndrome (Godfrey &Lee, 2020) but less is known about PM in adults with unknown or other causes of ID.Storing the content of the intention and retrieval at the appropriate event load onretrospective memory and executive functions. No difference have been found betweensubjective and more objective measures of PM in the ID population (Levén m.fl., 2011).Subjective experience of perceptual impairments, e.g., hard of hearing, will be investigatedas age-related hearing loss occurs early in the ID group and hearing can benefit PM. Themore objective measure of PM is based on the procedure used in the Betula project onmemory function and ageing in Sweden. As PM task the participant get the instruction toremind the researcher about a paper to sign when the tests are finished. In case this isforgotten the participant is asked if there was something else they should do. If no responsewas given the cue; Were you not supposed to remind me of something? was provided.Subjects were not told that this was a memory test. The SDQ instrument (Goodman, 1997)will give a general description of the individual, inhibition will be rated with the VIMIinstrument, digit span rates working memory capacity, and the subjective experience ofretrospective and prospective memory is rated with PRMQ (Rönnlund m.fl., 2011). 

  • 46.
    Lindström-Sandahl, Hanna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Elwér, Åsa
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Samuelsson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Effects of a phonics intervention in a randomized controlled study in Swedish second-grade students at risk of reading difficulties2023In: Dyslexia, ISSN 1076-9242, E-ISSN 1099-0909, Vol. 29, no 4, p. 290-311Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Teaching phoneme awareness to children at risk for early reading difficulties has been recognized as successful in several studies. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT)-study, we add to this research by optimizing core procedural as well as teaching components in a phonics-directed intervention and extend the RCT reading intervention research into a semi-transparent language context. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a novel Swedish intensive phonics program. This randomized controlled pre-test and post-test intervention study targeted second-grade students with early reading difficulties. Students were identified by a repeated screening procedure and allocated to intervention (n = 34) and control (n = 34) conditions. A 9-week intensive phonics-based program was administrated one-to-one, by special education teachers in Swedish mainstream elementary schools. Results show an improvement in the intervention group, compared with the controls on all outcome measures. Findings indicate that the supplementary phonics program, delivered with high intensity, can significantly increase word reading skills and reading comprehension in second-grade students with early reading difficulties.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 47.
    Lindström-Sandahl, Hanna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Samuelsson, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Samuelsson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
    Elwér, Åsa
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Education, Teaching and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences. Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning Linköping University Linköping Sweden.
    A randomized controlled study of a second grade numeracy intervention with Swedish students at‐risk of mathematics difficulties2024In: British Journal of Educational Psychology, ISSN 0007-0998, E-ISSN 2044-8279Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Early numeracy interventions including basicarithmetic are crucial for young students at risk for earlymathematics difficulties (MDs), yet few studies have evalu-ated numeracy interventions in second grade with a rand-omized controlled design.Aim: This pre- and post-test randomized controlled studyevaluated the effects of an intensive 9-week numeracy andarithmetic programme for second-grade students at risk forearly MDs. The focus of the programme was students’ foun-dational understanding of numbers and mathematical con-cepts and procedural fluency with arithmetic tasks.Sample: A total of 753 first-grade students from 21 schoolsin Sweden were screened for low achievement in numberknowledge and arithmetic.Methods: Students considered at risk for MDs (≤25 per-centile on two consecutive first-grade mathematics screen-ings) were individually randomized to an intervention group(n = 32) or control group (n = 30) at the beginning of secondgrade (7–8 years old). Trained teachers administered theone-to-one, explicit programme to intervention group stu-dents in elementary school settings. The intervention groupreceived numeracy instruction emphasizing foundationalmathematics concepts and procedures. Controls receivedteaching as usual with potential special education supportprovided by their schools.Results: The intervention group demonstrated significantlygreater improvements in conceptual knowledge, arithmeticcalculations and problem-solving compared to the controlgroup, with medium size effects observed.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 48.
    Lucija, Batinović
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Andre, Kalmendal
    Community Augmented Meta-Analysis of Evidence in Learning and Didactics2024In: META-REP 2024, 2024Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Community-augmented meta-analysis (CAMA) platforms pioneer a new standard for promoting FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data sharing, and allow dynamic and interactive meta-analysis which ensures reproducibility of results (Tsuji et al., 2014). As the area of (special) education research moves towards open science practices, our CAMA platform sets to facilitate data sharing of meta-analyses and make evidence-based practice accessible to practitioners. Furthermore, we aim to promote high-quality standards in conducting evidence synthesis, which are still not readily implemented in the education research area (Nordstrom et al., 2023).Our platform provides Bayesian and frequentist meta-analytic methods, interactive interface to conduct and visualize the analyses, easy-to-understand results and a large database of extracted effects that can be downloaded and reused by researchers. Users can conduct various moderator analyses, based on demographic information, risk of bias assessment, or study characteristics, and contribute to the database by submitting new extracted effects.

  • 49.
    Marsh, John
    et al.
    Human Factors Laboratory, School of Psychology and Computer Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK; Engineering Psychology, Humans and Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
    Vachon, Francois
    École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
    Sörqvist, Patrik
    Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
    Marsja, Erik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Röer, Jan
    Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
    Richardson, Beth
    Human Factors Laboratory, School of Psychology and Computer Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
    K. Ljungberg, Jessica
    Engineering Psychology, Humans and Technology, Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
    Irrelevant changing-state vibrotactile stimuli disrupt verbal serial recall: implications for theories of interference in short-term memory2024In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology, ISSN 2044-5911, E-ISSN 2044-592X, Vol. 36, no 1, p. 78-100Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    What causes interference in short-term memory? We report the novel finding that immediate memory for visually-presented verbal items is sensitive to disruption from task-irrelevant vibrotactile stimuli. Specifically, short-term memory for a visual sequence is disrupted by a concurrently presented sequence of vibrations, but only when the vibrotactile sequence entails change (when the sequence “jumps” between the two hands). The impact on visual-verbal serial recall was similar in magnitude to that for auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Performance of the missing item task, requiring recall of item-identity rather than item-order, was unaffected by changing-state vibrotactile stimuli (Experiment 2), as with changing-state auditory stimuli. Moreover, the predictability of the changing-state sequence did not modulate the magnitude of the effect, arguing against an attention-capture conceptualisation (Experiment 3). Results support the view that interference in short-term memory is produced by conflict between incompatible, amodal serial-ordering processes (interference-by-process) rather than interference between similar representational codes (interference-by-content).

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 50.
    Marsja, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division.
    Holmer, Emil
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Danielsson, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Disability Research Division. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.
    Interplay between working memory and speech recognition declines over time2024Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Age-related changes in auditory and cognitive functions are well-documented, with increased hearing thresholds (e.g., Wiley et al., 2008) and reduced working memory capacity (WMC; e.g., Wingfield et al., 1988) among older adults. Moreover, aging has been linked to poorer speech recognition in noise (e.g., Marsja et al., 2022), highlighting the multifaceted impact of age on auditory and cognitive domains. Our study examined the dynamic relationship between auditory and cognitive changes over time to shed light on the direction of influence between the two. To this aim, we employed change score modeling.

    Methods: We analyzed data from 111 normally hearing individuals from the n200 study (https://2024.speech-in-noise.eu/proxy.php?id=81). At Time 1 (T1), their mean age was 61.2 years (SD = 8.00), and at Time 2 (T2), their mean age was 67.0 years (SD = 8.06). We used Latent Change Score modeling to explore the changes in WMC and speech recognition in noise. To measure speech recognition in noise, we used signal-to-noise ratios from the Hearing in Noise Test during speech-shaped noise. The reading span test was used as a measure for WMC.

    Results and Conclusion: Preliminary results showed a decline in WMC, signified by the negative relationship between Reading Span at T1 and changes in Reading Span at T2. This negative relationship indicates that individuals with higher initial WMC experienced subsequent declines in their cognitive abilities. Furthermore, our analysis revealed a negative relationship between changes in speech recognition in noise at T2 and Reading Span at T1. This relationship suggests that individuals with higher initial WMC experienced less decline in their speech recognition in noise over time. Further research with additional time points may be needed to fully elucidate the complex relationship between cognitive and auditory changes over time.

12 1 - 50 of 95
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf